Several live attenuated Shigella vaccines of different serotypes have been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and in one case effective against challenge with virulent strains. The ability to invade epithelial cells remains critical for the success of these vaccine candidates. Live, orally administered Shigella vaccine derivatives are also being evaluated as multivalent mucosal vaccines able to del...

BACKGROUND Live attenuated SIV vaccines are highly efficacious, but how they mediate protection is poorly understood. A feature of the effectiveness of live attenuated vaccines is their ability to control high dose challenge viruses early, without a large peak of acute viraemia. We hypothesized that long-lived antigen exposure from live attenuated SIV may result in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...

AIM To assess the efficacy and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in healthy children up to the age of 18 years. METHODS MedLine, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, WHOLIS, LILACS, and Global Health were searched for randomized controlled trials and cohort and case-control studies investigating the efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children up to the age of 18 years. ...

Child mortality has decreased substantially globally-from 12.6 million in 1990 to 6.3 million in 2013-due, in large part to of governments' and organisations' work, to prevent pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria, the main causes of death in the postneonatal period. In 2012, the World Health Assembly adopted the Decade of Vaccines Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 as the current framework aimed ...

BACKGROUND Although the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines have been used to prevent and control Newcastle disease (ND) for years, there are some disadvantages. Recently, newly developed DNA vaccines have the potential to overcome these disadvantages. The low delivery efficiency, however, hindered the application of DNA vaccines for ND in practice. ...

Viral vaccines have had remarkable positive impacts on human health as well as the health of domestic animal populations. Despite impressive vaccine successes, however, many infectious diseases cannot yet be efficiently controlled or eradicated through vaccination, often because it is impossible to vaccinate a sufficient proportion of the population. Recent advances in molecular biology suggest...

Although vaccines developed from live organisms have better efficacy than those developed from dead organisms, the mechanisms underlying this differential efficacy remain unexplored. In this study, we combined sub-immunoproteomics with immune challenge to investigate the action of the outer membrane proteome in the immune protection conferred by four Edwardsiella tarda whole-cell vaccines prepa...

Effective and simple delivery of DNA vaccines remains a key to successful clinical applications. Previously, we developed novel class vaccines, sometimes called iDNA, which encodes the whole live-attenuated vaccine viruses. Compared standard vaccine, an iDNA required low dose launch in vitro or vivo . The goal this pilot study was investigate if encoding Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VE...

*Corresponding author: Mohamed Gharbi, DVM, MSc, PhD, Associate Professor, Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia. Tel: +216 71 552 200 E-mail: [email protected] Foundation Project: supported by Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Information, Technology and Communication, Tunisia and the Deutsche...

Older adults (> or =65 years of age) are particularly vulnerable to influenza illness. This is due to a waning immune system that reduces their ability to respond to infection, which leads to more severe cases of disease. The majority ( approximately 90%) of influenza-related deaths occur in older adults and, in addition, catastrophic disability resulting from influenza-related hospitalization ...