This article examines nonmathematical linguistic complexity as a source of differential item functioning (DIF) in math word problems for English language learners (ELLs). Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between item measures of linguistic complexity, nonlinguistic forms of representation and DIF measures based on item response theory difficulty parameters in a state fourt...

This paper proposes a group decision making method based on entropy of neutrosophic linguistic sets and generalized single valued neutrosophic linguistic operators. This method is applied to solve the multiple attribute group decision making problems under single valued neutrosophic liguistic environment, in which the attribute weights are completely unknown. First, the attribute weights are ob...

One of the problems of e-Business is to find relevant documents for making correct decisions. The main problem of the Internet is the huge amount of documents that makes it difficult to find the relevant ones, hence the importance of the methods allowing for improving the quality of document retrieval. We discuss some linguistic problems of document retrieval on the Internet related to the foll...

Decision making is inherent to mankind, as human beings daily face situations in which they should choose among different alternatives by means of reasoning and mental processes. Many of these decision problems are under uncertain environments with vague and imprecise information. This type of information is usually modelled by linguistic information because of the common use of language by the...

Visualisation plays a critical role in the teaching and learning of mathematics word problems. It is an essential tool for enabling learners to create meaningful mental pictures necessary solving mathematical Appropriate visualisation requires good reading skills, English proficiency understanding vocabulary, language structure. Although such role, teachers often do not pay attention linguistic...

Because of the complexity of decision-making environment, the uncertainty of fuzziness and the uncertainty of grey maybe coexist in the problems of multi-attribute group decision making. In this paper, we study the problems of multi-attribute group decision making with hybrid grey attribute data (the precise values, interval numbers and linguistic fuzzy variables coexist, and each attribute val...