Many neurons throughout the rat limbic system discharge in relation to the animal's directional heading with respect to its environment. These so-called head direction (HD) cells exhibit characteristics of persistent neural activity. This article summarizes where HD cells are found, their major properties, and some of the important experiments that have been conducted to elucidate how this sign...

The neural basis of psychosis is yet to be fully elucidated. In this review the contribution of schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy, delusional misidentification syndromes and psychotic phenomena, such as auditory and visual hallucinations, to our understanding of the neural basis of psychosis is examined. Schizophrenia-like psychosis of epilepsy is associated with seizures originating fro...

BACKGROUND Mutations in the PINK1 gene can cause Parkinson's disease and are frequently associated with psychiatric symptoms that might even precede motor signs. METHODS To determine whether specific gray matter degeneration of limbic and frontal structures might be liable to different psychiatric symptoms in PINK1 mutation carriers, observer-independent voxel-based morphometry was applied to...

The period circadian clock 2 (per2) gene plays an important role in modulating the circadian rhythm in the central nervous system. Its protein product, PER2, is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and limbic system, including the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the hippocampus. PER2 rhythmic expression regulates hypotha...

Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Partial Limbic Seizures. Geoffrey Liu, Joshua E. Motelow, Wei Li, Qiong Zhan, Asht M. Mishra, Robert N. S. Sachdev, Abhijeet Gummadavelli, Zaina Zayyad, Hyun Seung Lee, Victoria Chu, John P. Andrews, Dario J. Englot, Peter Herman, Basavaraju G. Sanganahalli, Fahmeed Hyder, Hal Blumenfeld. Partial limbic seizures impair consciousness, but the mechanism of impairm...

With the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) and biotinylated dextranamine (BD), direct spinal connections from the upper cervical spinal cord (UC; C1 and C2) and the cervical enlargement (CE; C5-T1) were demonstrated in various striatal and limbic nuclei in both squirrel monkey and rat. Within each species and from each spinal level, the total number of terminals see...

dementia is defined as significant acquired cognitive impairment in one or more cognitive domains that represents a significant decline from previous baseline and interferes with independence in daily activities. autoimmune dementia is a term that has been used to describe a steroid-responsive autoimmune disorder characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia with a fluctuating course. even co...