In this paper, we propose a unified framework for the syntactico-semantic learning of natural languages. This framework integrates recent results on grammatical inference with positive structural examples and an algebraic characterization of the Principle of Compositionality, introduced by linguists and logicians. The purpose is to give account of how children learn to understand their native l...

In his “Time and Modality”, based on own philosophical motivations, Arthur Norman Prior proposed the modal logic Q as a correct in 1957. developed order to offer for contingent beings, which one could rationally state that some beings are necessary. One may say is an actualist with natural semantics. This review article description/discussion of/on “The System Q” fifth chapter of Modality”. I h...

it is well-known that “casual conditional” in islamic logics has been used with two meanings: “specific conditional” and “general conditional”. however, viewing the works of the muslim logicians, we find out that these two meanings of “casual conditional” have been interpreted in two various ways: each of the general and specific conditionals is sometimes interpreted as the condition of “non-ne...

The logicians . . . are too much caught up in psychology . . . Logic is in no way a part of psychology. The Pythagorean theorem expresses the same thought for all men, while each person has its own representations, feelings and resolutions that are different from those of every other person. Thoughts are not psychic structures, and thinking is not an inner producing and forming, but an apprehen...

The transition from a theory that turned out trivial to a consistent replacement need not proceed in terms of inconsistencies, which are negation gluts. Logics that tolerate gluts or gaps (or both) with respect to any logical symbol may serve as the lower limit for adaptive logics that assign a minimally abnormal consequence set to a given premise set. The same obtains for logics that tolerate ...

In this first section we start with defining the notions of inconsistency and para-consistency, we give an example of an inconsistency and clarify what according to us is the basic problem with respect to the occurrence of inconsistencies. We are then in a position to state the aim of this paper. We have a contradiction when both A and ∼ A are true.1 We have negation-incompleteness when neither...