Presidential elections with few candidates held in temporal proximity to legislative elections are believed to promote the nationalization and consolidation of the legislative party system. However, contrary to the existing literature, we argue here that the shadow presidential elections cast over legislative elections is contingent upon the relative powers of the president vis-à-vis the legisl...

In this paper we will present a method for mining information within legal texts, in particular in regards to corpora of statutes. Text mining, or more in general Information Extraction, can provide a valuable help to people involved in research about the linguistic structure of statutes, and, as a side effect can be the seed for a new generation of applications for the validation and conversio...

Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies: Which One is Best? With the exception of the United States, where a system of separation of executive and legislative powers exists, all countries that are considered to be stable democracies adopt a constitution that is, at least partially, parliamentary. A parliamentary constitution is characterized by the fusion of executive and legislative powers,...

In this paper, we analyze the equilibrium of a sequential game-theoretical model of lobbying, due to Groseclose and Snyder (1996), describing a legislature that vote over two alternatives, where two opposing lobbies, Lobby 0 and Lobby 1, compete by bidding for legislators’ votes. In this model, the lobbyist moving first suffers from a second mover advantage and will make an offer to a panel of ...

Platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, is implicated in several proinflammatory/inflammatory diseases such as glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, atherosclerosis, cancer, allergy, and diabetes. PAF can be produced by several renal cells under appropriate stimuli and it is thought to be implicated in renal diseases. The aim of this study is the characterization of ...

organotin compound that have at least one sn-c bond have wide commercial applications as pvc stabilizer, antifouling agent in paint and as agrochemicals. the general formula for organotin compounds is r4snx4 - n where r is normally alkyl or aryl groups and x=cl-, oh-, ch3coo- . if n=3, the compound has the highest toxicity, for example et3snoac has ld 50 4mg/kg ( rats ) and this is the most tox...

unbalanced multilateralism should be considered as a part of the west world’s strategic policy to confine iran’s economic and international capabilities. indications of unbalanced multilateralism in iran’s economic sanction policymaking are focused on executive mechanisms and america and eu’s legislative bodies. although america and eu have relatively identical strategic objectives toward islam...