The Legal Knowledge Interchange Format (LKIF), being developed in the European ESTRELLA project, defines a knowledge representation language for arguments, rules, ontologies, and cases in XML. In this article, the syntax and argumentation-theoretic semantics of the LKIF rule language is presented and illustrated with an example based on German family law. This example is then applied to show ho...

With the enactment of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP), the legal discovery process in healthcare is beginning a radical transformation. The rules governing the discovery of electronic information and the legal process will vary by court jurisdiction (federal, state, or local) as well as the nature, size, and type of case under litigation (civil, criminal, or class action). To prepar...

In distributed applications, multiple objects cooperate to achieve some objectives. Each object is manipulated through an operation supported by the object and then the operation may further invoke operations of other objects, i.e. nested operations. Purpose-oriented access rules indicate what operation in each object can invoke operations of other objects. Information flow among the objects oc...

the judicial practice of the international courts and tribunals – especiallyinternational court of justice – as the most important official entities forsurveying and identifying legal rules, has always been a valuable source inthe recognition of customary international law. in the recent decades, as aresult of developments caused by improving human concepts and humanityprinciples in the interna...

This paper considers a model of the provision of information about legal rules to parties when they have already committed acts to which the rules apply.’ The provision of advice about legal rules in these circumstances is, of course, one of the main tasks of lawyers in the setting of litigation. (Why individuals often obtain advice only after they have acted, not before, is discussed in our co...

the world of law has been dominated by waves of codification or re-codification and by currents of harmonization and unification. innumerable institutions, not only in europe but around the globe including in iran, try to bring legal systems together, and to suggest uniform laws. such attempts necessarily rely on comparative law as the first methodological tool. the european experience is an il...

We can observe and measure how legal decision makers use formal legal authorities, but there is no way to empirically test the determinative capacity of legal doctrine itself. Yet discussions of empirical studies of judicial behavior sometimes conflate judges’ attention to legal rules with legal rules determining outcomes. Doctrinal determinacy is not the same thing as legal predictability. The...

this research work attempts to compare the legal and technical criteria of locating household and municipal landfills and discuss them along with legal and technical principles. for this purpose, it was attempted to discuss and compare the related most important national an international standards. due to say, employing the legal standards of locating household and municipal landfills in corpo...