Carrot purple leaf disease was first reported in 2006 in the state of Washington and was associated with Spiroplasma citri. The disease also was reported in California in 2008. The objectives of this work were to fulfill Koch's postulates and to determine 1) whether the beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), transmits carrot [Daucus carota L. subsp. Sativus (Hof...

The formation and recall of sensory, motor, and cognitive representations require coordinated fast communication among multiple cortical areas. Interareal projections are mainly mediated by glutamatergic pyramidal cell projections; only few long-range GABAergic connections have been reported. Using in vivo recording and labeling of single cells and retrograde axonal tracing, we demonstrate nove...

Common environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides pose serious risks to behavioral and neuroendocrine functions of many aquatic organisms. In the present study, we show that the heavy metal cadmium and the pesticide endosulfan produce such effects through an interaction of specific cerebral histamine receptor subtypes in the teleost ornate wrasse (Thalassoma pavo). Treatment...

The caddisfly fauna of Minnesota contains at least 277 species within 21 families and 75 genera. These species are based on examination of 312,884 specimens from 2,166 collections of 937 Minnesota aquatic habitats from 1890 to 2007. Included in these totals is my own quantitative sampling of 4 representative habitat types: small streams, medium rivers, large rivers, and lakes, from each of the ...

The mAb E 21 recognizes a cell surface glycoprotein selectively associated with fish retinal ganglion cell axons that are in a state of growth. All retinal axons and ganglion cells in goldfish embryos stained for E 21. In adult fish, however, E 21 immunoreactivity exhibited a patterned distribution in ganglion cells in the marginal growth zone of the continuously enlarging fish retina and the n...

The projections from the cerebellar nuclei to the superior colliculus of the cat have been studied by injecting small amounts of horseradish peroxidase into the colliculus and charting the distribution of the labeled neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. The results show that the cerebellar nuclei project to the deep layers of the superior colliculus, especially contralaterally. Of the deep cerebel...

The pattern of axonal regeneration, specificity of reinnervation, and terminal arborization in the brainstem by axotomized retinal ganglion cell axons was studied in rats with peripheral nerve grafts linking the retina with ipsilateral regions of the brainstem, including dorsal and lateral aspects of the diencephalon and lateral aspect of the superior colliculus. Four to 13 months later, regene...

HRP was applied to small sites in the dorsotemporal or dorsonasal retina in fish at 10-36 days after optic nerve section. The anterogradely labeled axons were visualized in tectal whole mounts. Axons traveled through all regions of the tectum in various abnormal routes. Misrouted axons were also seen to alter their orientation and to direct their course toward their target. At all regeneration ...

The generation of bursting spike activity in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) is a critical determinant of decision making in the initiation of orienting behaviors, such as saccades. The bursting activity exhibits a typical threshold effect that may arise from a nonlinear signal amplification process in the deeper layers of the SC. We used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in r...

BY MARK HALLING-BROWN1, FRANCESCO PAPPALARDO2, NICOLAS RAPIN3, PING ZHANG4, DAVIDE ALEMANI5, ANDREW EMERSON6, FILIPPO CASTIGLIONE7, PATRICE DUROUX8, MARZIO PENNISI2, OLIVO MIOTTO9, DANIEL CHURCHILL10, ELDA ROSSI6, DAVID S. MOSS1, CLARE E. SANSOM1, MASSIMO BERNASCHI7, MARIE-PAULE LEFRANC8, SØREN BRUNAK3, OLE LUND3, SANTO MOTTA2, PIER-LUIGI LOLLINI11, ANNALISA MURGO11, ARIANNA PALLADINI11, KAYE E...