PURPOSE The aim of this study was to find an optimized configuration of collimator angle, couch angle, and starting tracking phase to improve the delivery performance in terms of MLC position errors, maximal MLC leaf speed, and total beam-on time of DCAT plans with motion tracking (4D DCAT). METHOD AND MATERIALS Nontracking conformal arc plans were first created based on a single phase (maxim...

Drought is a major environmental stress limiting growth of perennial grasses in temperate regions. Plant drought tolerance is a complex trait that is controlled by multiple genes. Candidate gene association mapping provides a powerful tool for dissection of complex traits. Candidate gene association mapping of drought tolerance traits was conducted in 192 diverse perennial ryegrass (Lolium pere...

Plants kept as dried herbarium specimens share many characteristics with their living counterparts, but there are some substantial differences between them. Due to dehydration, leaves of herbarium specimens change not only their mass and colour, but in many cases change their dimensions, too. The present study aimed to determine whether leaf shape changes during the drying process. A total of 7...

A number of studies have linked responses in leaf spectral reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance to physiological stress. A variety of stressors including dehydration, flooding, freezing, ozone, herbicides, competition, disease, insects, and deficiencies in ectomycorrhizal development and N fertilization have been imposed on species ranging from grasses to conifers and deciduous trees. In ...

Water stress decreases the availability of the gaseous substrate for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) by decreasing leaf conductance to CO(2). In spite of limiting photosynthetic carbon assimilation, especially in those environments where drought is the predominant factor affecting plant growth and yield, the effects of water deprivation on the mechanisms that control R...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies on grass leaf tensile properties (behaviour during mechanical stress) have focused on agricultural applications such as resistance to trampling and palatability; no investigations have directly addressed mechanical properties during water stress, and hence these are the subject of this study. METHODS Critical (lethal) relative water contents were determine...

background: cholera, an infectious disease caused by vibrio cholerae , is primarily transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. in severe cases, cholera may lead to severe dehydration, metabolic acidosis, and ultimately, hypovolemic shock and death.   methods: in this study v.cholerae non-o1 was cultured in suitable media. lps was extracted from the surface of  bacteria by hot pheno...

27 The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of dehydration on cricket specific motor skill 28 performance among fast-bowlers, fielders, and batsmen playing in a hot and humid environment. 10 29 fast-bowlers, 12 fielders and 8 batsmen participated in two field trials conducted 7 days apart: a fluid 30 provision trial (FP) and a fluid restriction trial (FR). Each trial consisted of ...

Water is a key resource, and the plant water transport system sets limits on maximum growth and drought tolerance. When plants open their stomata to achieve a high stomatal conductance (gs) to capture CO2 for photosynthesis, water is lost by transpiration(1,2). Water evaporating from the airspaces is replaced from cell walls, in turn drawing water from the xylem of leaf veins, in turn drawing f...