Microglia are the primary immune cells in the brain. Under physiological conditions, they typically stay in a "resting" state, with ramified processes continuously extending to and retracting from surrounding neural tissues. Whether and how such highly dynamic resting microglia functionally interact with surrounding neurons are still unclear. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging of both microglial ...

This report shows methods to fabricate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic systems for long-term (up to 10 day) cell culture. Undesired bubble accumulation in microfluidic channels abruptly changes the microenvironment of adherent cells and leads to the damage and death of cells. Existing bubble trapping approaches have drawbacks such as the need to pause fluid flow, requirement for extern...

The direct observation of cells over time using time-lapse microscopy can provide deep insights into many important biological processes. Reliable analyses of motility, proliferation, invasive potential or mortality of cells are essential to many studies involving live cell imaging and can aid in biomarker discovery and diagnostic decisions. Given the vast amount of image- and time-series data ...

Medaka is an ideal model system for developmental studies as it combines the advantages of powerful genetics and classical embryology. Due to the accessibility, transparency and fast development, embryogenesis and morphogenesis can be followed in vivo. Microscopic time-lapse imaging, however, requires the immobilization of the object to be observed. In medaka rhythmical contractile movements of...

Time-lapse imaging is a fundamental tool for studying cellular behaviours, however studies of primary cells in complex co-culture environments often requires fluorescent labelling and significant light exposure that can perturb their natural function over time. Here, we describe ptychographic phase imaging that permits prolonged label-free time-lapse imaging of microglia in the presence of neur...

In this study, we experimentally investigated the relationship between complacency, defined as missing automation malfunctions, anomalous conditions, or outright failures, and the human tendency to prefer either automation or manual operation. We experimented using two different tasks with human participants to evaluate their individual tendencies to lapse into complacency and to use automation...

This paper describes a software tool, LAPSE (Large Application Parallel Simulation Environment), for the simulation of large-scale programs written for the In-tel Paragon, executed on smaller-scale machines. Two timing simulators are themselves parallelized; this paper describes the conservative synchronization algorithm we have developed to synchronize the simulation. We present performance da...

We modified a time-lapse recording to make a ‘flipbook’ of zebrafish embryogenesis. By flipping through the pages of this issue and watching the pictures in the upper corner of each even-numbered page, the dynamic cellular movements that form the zebrafish embryo can be visualized. The time-lapse record starts at the 2-cell stage (page 2 and Fig. 1B) and ends at the 16-somite stage (Fig. 1I), a...

We relax the definition of the Ambjørn-Loll causal dynamical triangulation model in 1 + 1 dimensions to allow for a varying lapse. We show that, as long as the spatially averaged lapse is constant in time, the physical observables are unchanged in the continuum limit. This supports the claim that the time slicing of the model is the result of a gauge fixing, rather than a physical preferred tim...

I grant The Pennsylvania State University the non-exclusive right to use this work for the University's own purposes and to make single copies of the work available to the public on a not-for-profit basis if copies are not otherwise available. ______________________ Tin-Wai Lee iii ABSTRACT Time-lapse (4D) inversion is a stand-alone method that does not require prior time-lapse seismic processi...