Prior to 1969, marathon runners were advised against drinking or eating during competition (1) since it was believed that, especially fluid ingestion would impair performance, not least by causing unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms including the “stitch”. At that time, marathon runners and marathon races were quite different from their modern descendants. In particular, there were few competi...

Overview The integration of land administration processes and the collaboration of land agencies are considered essential for the effective delivery of developable land for housing production. However, in most countries, housing and land management policies are usually split between multiple government agencies. The background literature suggests that the activities of governments’ agencies tha...

Two players simultaneously decide whether or not to acquire new weapons in an arms race game. Each player’s type determines his propensity to arm. Types are private information, and are independently drawn from a continuous distribution. With probability close to one, the best outcome for each player is for neither to acquire new weapons (although each prefers to acquire new weapons if he think...

We correct the double spend race analysis given in Nakamoto’s foundational Bitcoin article and give a closed-form formula for the probability of success of a double spend attack using the Regularized Incomplete Beta Function. We give the first proof of the exponential decay on the number of confirmations and find an asymptotic formula. Larger number of confirmations are necessary compared to th...

Reproduction and pathogenicity of the five known races of Meloidogyne naasi on two selections of creeping bentgrass were compared. Toronto C-15 was a host for Races 3, 4 and 5, whereas Northmoor 9 supported reproduction of all five races. Differences in susceptibility and population increase demonstrated that the races could be separated by degree of reproduction on the two selections. Root wei...

The developmental rates of the five newly designated races of Meloidogyne naasi were compared on barley, oat and sorghum. Races 1, 2, 3 and 4 developed and reproduced on both barley and oat but not on sorghum. Race 5 developed and reproduced readily on sorghum but poorly on oat. A more rapid rate of development of Race 5 on both barley and sorghum than that of other races on barley demonstrated...

Generalist parasites regularly evolve host-specific races that each specialize on one particular host species. Many host-specific races originate from geographically structured populations where local adaptations to different host species drive the differentiation of distinct races. However, in sympatric populations where several host races coexist, gene flow could potentially disrupt such host...

Eighteen hosts were inoculated with each of four races of Heterodera glycines. A discriminant function analysis of the reactions of these races to these hosts demonstrated that these races could be separated but not consistently. Then 33 H. glycines populations collected from 13 states and five obtained from Japan were tested on differential hosts. The number of variants discriminated within th...

oral supplementation with potassium bromide (10, 20 and 40 ?g/ml) to fifth instar larvae of csr2, csr4 and csr2xcsr4 crossbreed races of the silkworm, bombyx mori resulted in a significant increase in the fat body glycogen in all the treated groups and in all the three races of the silkworm, b. mori. the fat body protein content was increased with 20 and 40 ?g/ml treated groups in csr2 and csr4...