BACKGROUND Accessible improved sanitation is critical to child health, and inequities in improved sanitation can be interpreted as health inequities across socio-economic groups. From 2009 to 2011, the Chinese government invested 4.448 billion yuan for rural sanitation improvement through a 3-year health reform program. This study assesses the inequity of sanitation improvement in rural China f...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Availability of clean water and adequate sanitation facilities are of prime importance for limiting diarrhoeal diseases. We examined the water and sanitation facilities of a village in southern India using geographic information system (GIS) tools. METHODS Places of residence, water storage and distribution, sewage and places where people in the village defaecated were ...

BACKGROUND Improved sanitation has been shown to have great impacts on people's health and economy. However, the progress of achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on halving the proportion of people without access to clean water and basic sanitation by 2015 has thus far been delayed. One of the reasons for the slow progress is that policy makers, as well as the general public, have ...

The publication of each of these texts during 2008—declared the International Year of Sanitation by the United Nations General Assembly to draw attention to the 2.6 billion people without access to basic sanitation—is timely. Each seeks to provide practical information and guidance to increase the proportion of the population with access to sanitation. Maggie Black is a writer who focuses on so...

Quantitative assessments of the relative effects on health of various aspects of water supply are virtually absent from the literature. Despite the lack of information, resources are being allocated throughout the developing world, for projects related to water and sanitation. The present study was designed specifically to overcome many of the methodological problems that other researchers have...

Ten years after the United Nation’s recognition of human right to water and sanitation (HRtWS), little is understood about how these impacts access sanitation. There limited identification mechanisms responsible for improvements in sanitation, including international constitutional rights water. We examine a core reason lack progress this field: data quality. Examining availability quality on m...

Sanitation in neighbourhood and household domains can provide primary protection against diarrhea morbidity, yet their distinct health benefits have not been succinctly distinguished and reviewed. We present here the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the distinct effect of neighbourhood and household sanitation conditions on diarrhea morbidity. We identified studies reporting the eff...

Introduction Health care services for pregnant women and children are partially influenced by externalities such as climate change and environmental hazard health risks i.e., the vulnerabilities confounded within food insecurity and extreme weather events (floods) in drought prone geographical regions. The unhygienic conditions due to lack of adequate safe water and sanitation also compromised ...

the dominant policy decision emphasis on urbanisation problem in developing countries is itsrate of growth, ignoring the level of provision of resources, including the infrastructure, to match this growth. it isagainst this background that the paper undertook a broad analysis of the state of infrastructure in developing countriesusing such indices as access and quality of water supply, sanitati...

Around the globe, diarrheal disease causes millions of preventable deaths each year, with most in children zero to five years old. The transmission of disease follows a pathway in which fecal parts are spread to human hosts through fluids, tactile contact, flies, the environment, living quarters, and food. There are several barriers that can inhibit this transmission, with sanitation functionin...