FOR decades, carpenters used a mechanical level—a liquid-filled tube whose position is adjusted until a bubble is centered—to ensure the angles in their projects. In recent decades, mechanical levels have been supplanted by laser-driven devices. Now, an “app” permits an iPhone (Apple, Inc., Cupertino, CA) to accomplish the same thing. So it is in science; new tools enable us to replace old tool...

OBJECTIVES To characterize the indications for primary cesarean delivery in a large national cohort and to identify opportunities to lower the U.S. primary cesarean delivery rate. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of the 38,484 primary cesarean deliveries among the 228,562 deliveries at sites participating in the Consortium on Safe Labor from 2002 to 2008. RESULTS The primary cesarean de...

Around 40 000 women die each year and many more are left with painful injuries as a result of obstructed or prolonged labor during childbirth. In addition, if obstructed labor is not dealt with promptly, the baby may either die or suffer asphyxia and the risk of brain damage. However, a ?5-month study carried out by the World Health Organization among more than 35 000 women indicates that much ...

We consider a competitive equilibrium growth model where technological progress is embodied into new jobs which are assigned to workers of different skills. In every period workers decide whether to actively participate in the labor market and if so how many hours to work on the job. Balanced growth requires that the job technology is complementary with the worker’s total labor input in the job...

Original Article Objective(s) : Aim of study was to determine effect of epidural analgesia on progress of labour and mode of delivery, to find out its complications in labour and puerperium and to evaluate neonatal out come in terms of apgar score. Method(s) : The present study was conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), War...