In response to increasing health expenditures and a high number of physician visits, the German government introduced a copayment for ambulatory care in 2004 for individuals with statutory health insurance (SHI). Because persons with private insurance were exempt from the copayments, this health care reform can be regarded as a natural experiment. We used a difference-in-difference approach to ...

This paper investigates how hospital affiliation in a multi-hospital system (contract managed, owned, sponsored), the number of system hospitals, HMO and PPO contracts, and other factors, impacts hospital cost efficiency. Using a 1996-1999 panel of 248 hospitals, results show that for urban hospitals, increasing the number of hospitals in the system, system ownership and contract management/spo...

Presence of baseline hepatitis C virus (HCV) resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) can impair treatment outcome direct-acting antivirals. We investigated the prevalence pre-treatment HCV resistance among recently HCV-infected men who have sex with (MSM) high risk behaviours, either human immunodeficiency (HIV) co-infected or at HIV acquisition and under pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). NS5...

Purpose- The study aims to explore the factors that accelarate emergence of social innovations after Covid-19. With study, it is also aimed emphasize topicality and importance subject by drawing attention stakeholders academia in field entrepreneurship, where a limited number studies are conducted Turkey. Methodology- employs qualitative method includes literature review, observations in-depth ...

In various bacteria, Zur, a zinc-specific regulator of the Fur family, regulates genes for zinc transport systems to maintain zinc homeostasis. It has also been suggested that Zur controls zinc mobilization by regulating some ribosomal proteins. The antibiotic-producing soil bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor contains four genes for Fur family regulators, and one (named zur) is located downstrea...

Mission-oriented organizations, such as nonpro…t organizations and NGOs, rely critically on volunteer recruitment to achieve their organizational goals. Besides serving as an outlet of altruistic motives, volunteering often acts as a stepping-stone for a paid position in the nonpro…t sector. This paper provides an explanation for the fact that nonpro…t employers are uniquely able to attract suc...