The chamois provides an excellent model for exploring the effect of historical and evolutionary events on diversification. We investigate cytochrome b (cytb) sequences in the 10 recognized subspecies of Rupicapra classified within 2 species: Rupicapra pyrenaica, with the subspecies parva, pyrenaica, and ornata, and Rupicapra rupicapra, with cartusiana, rupicapra, tatrica, carpatica, balcanica, ...

Hoplitis astragali sp. nov. , a member of the H. monstrabilis species group, and dagestanica adunca are described. The former is known from Dagestan in Russia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, latter only Dagestan. Nests Females this excavated burrows vertical clay cliff, but sometimes chose horizontal surface for nest excavation, particularly at entrance old Xylocopa olivieri (Apidae). were either su...

Honey bees collect the main material of propolis from buds, leaves, branches, and barks or other botanical sources mixed that resinous with beeswax produced abdominal exocrine glands, mandibular gland secretions, pollen to produce propolis. The composition changes depends on multiple factors such as honey bee races, geographical locations, phytogeography, harvesting seasons, extraction methods ...

We describe here the first fossil otoliths from the Middle Miocene (Badenian and Sarmatian) of Belgrade, Serbia. They were obtained from Lower Badenian outcrops at Slanci and from upper Badenian and Sarmatian sediments recovered from four shallow wells near the village of Barajevo. The otoliths from the Lower Badenian of Slanci represent fishes typical for an open marine environment, characteri...

In order to determine the resource potential of natural phytocenoses Republic Abkhazia, study medicinal plants flora Ritsa Relict National Park - a unique complex that occupies an important place all over Caucasus and entire chain mountains Eurasia, part Colchis. The diversity geological structure, topography, soils, climate hydrological conditions caused formation with endemic relict (West Abk...

Three experiments are described investigating whether olfactory repellents DEET and butyric acid can support the classical conditioning of proboscis extension in the honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In the first experiment DEET and butyric acid readily led to standard acquisition and extinction effects, which are comparable to the use of cinnamon as a conditioned stimul...

We present the results of a detailed taphonomic and zooarchaeological study of the faunal remains from the late Middle Palaeolithic (LMP) and early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP) bone assemblage of Ortvale Klde, Georgian Republic. A series of taphonomic tests and analyses are employed to reconstruct the depositional history of the bone assemblage and investigate LMP (Neanderthal) and EUP (Modern huma...