We present an island model that uses different representations in each island. The model transforms individuals from one representation to another during migrations. We show that such a model helps the evolutionary algorithm to escape from local optima and to solve problems that are difficult for single representation EAs. We illustrate this approach with a two population island model in which ...

The purpose of this review is to survey the floristic, ecological and historical research about the Erie Islands and its flora since 1976 and to describe efforts to conserve Erie Island habitats. Island location records, surveys and multi-island inventories reveal that over 1,000 vascular plant taxa are known from the Erie Islands and new records continue to be found. Alvar habitats, rare globa...

The effect of the Big Island of Hawai’i on tropical cyclone (TC) track and structure is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The high (;4000 m) mountains of the Big Island modulate lower-tropospheric flow in such a way that it can influence TCs hundreds of kilometers away from the island. When a TC approaches from the east, the blocking of lower-tropospheric flow...

wastewater treatment technology in the cyclic nature of the process that takes a long time. but man tries to rush to their needs with experience and understanding of the natural processes of interaction, and using technology to build their industrial development is authorized. sewage treatment reed have been born from the vision of man's increasing need to water daily decreases the natural reso...

visitor management is considered important for the sustainable development of protected areas as the presence of visitors may cause negative impacts on wildlife and vegetation. within this framework, visitor impacts and perceptions are considered critical for decision-making and planning of future management regimes. this paper resumes opinions of visitors of the valley of butterflies in rhode...

Motivated by observations of three-dimensional 3D island formation in a variety of experiments, we have carried out kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a simplified model of 3D island growth with critical island size i=1 irreversible growth . Of particular interest are the exponents y1 and y1 describing the dependence of the submonolayer island density in the precoalescence regime on dose and co...

Zilong Xie, W. Todd Maddox, John E. McGeary, and Bharath Chandrasekaran Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Division of Behavioral Genetics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island; Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and Psychologist, Provi...

We adapt the level set method to simulate the growth of thin lms described by the motion of island boundaries. This island dynamics model involves a continuum in the lateral directions, but retains 1 atomic scale discreteness in the growth direction. Several choices for the island boundary velocity are discussed, and computations of the island dynamics model using the level set method are prese...

The radial structure of the shear Alfvén wave continuous spectrum is calculated inside the separatrix of a magnetic island. We find that, within a magnetic island, there is a continuous spectrum very similar to that of tokamak plasmas, where a generalized safety factor q can be defined and a wide frequency gap is formed, analogous to the ellipticity induced Alfvén eigenmode gap in tokamaks. Thi...