s tructural change is defined as a change in the relative weight of the important constituents of the macro-economic indicator such as production, taxes, imports and exports, workforce etc. since the structure change is one of the main reasons for the growth and economic development of countries, the investigation of the trend of changes in economic important constituents is important. tax as a...

This paper presents and ‘estimates a model of the resale housing market. The data are a cross-section of monthly time series obtained from the multiple-listing service for a suburb of San Diego. The model is specified and estimated as a dynamic multiple indicator multiple cause system of equations where the capitalization rate is taken to be an unobservable time series to be estimated jointly w...

This paper uses a panel of individual tax returns and the ‘bracket creep’ as source of tax rate variation to construct instrumental variables estimates of the sensitivity of income to changes in tax rates. From 1979 to 1981, the US income tax schedule was fixed in nominal terms while inflation was high (around 10%). This produced a real change in tax rate schedules. Taxpayers near the top-end o...

This paper assesses the prospects for the new Polish monetary policy strategy of inflation targeting. Regarding the general requirements for implementing an inflation targeting strategy it appears that Poland has made sufficient progress in reducing fiscal dominance and hardening budget constraints. The paper also finds that the exchange rate has played a dominant role as a policy instrument, w...

Beer Industry Myth: Forty‐four percent of the retail price of beer is now consumed by taxes. Consumer and Public Health Reality: The ʺ44 percentʺ calculation deceptively includes sales tax, federal income and payroll taxes, state and local income, payroll and other levies. The federal excise tax on beer amounts to only about a nickel per drink ‐‐ less than seven percent of the average price of ...

Four tax reforms have been proposed in recent years: BradleyGephardt, Kemp-Kasten, Treasury I and Treasury II. These reforms seek to improve economic efficiency by taxing different capital assets and sources of income more equally. Each reform is purported to be revenueneutral from the perspective of the U.S. Treasury ,and distributionally neutral across households. While this alleged neutralit...