Recent research suggests that the method of making a payment can influence the willingness to pay and consumption behavior. In this manuscript, we argue that payment mechanisms differ from each other along the dimensions of transparency, and that the degree of transparency correlates positively with the pain of paying using the mechanism, and negatively with consumption and spending. We replica...

In Crypto '93, S. Brands presented a very eecient oo-line electronic cash scheme based on the representation problem in groups of prime order. In Crypto '95 a very eecient oo-line divisible e-cash scheme based on factoring Williams integers was presented by T. Okamoto. We demonstrate one eecient attack on Okamoto's scheme and two on Brands' scheme which allow users to misrepresent their identit...

Electronic cash (E-cash) is the digital counterpart of cash payment. They allow users to spend anonymously unless they “double spend” their electronic coins. However, it is not possible to prevent users from misbehaving under some other subjective definitions of misbehavior, such as money laundering. One solution is to incorporate a trusted third party (TTP), which, upon complaint, uses its pow...

This paper contributes to the ongoing debate about economic inequality in India during the post-reform period. We analyze consumption inequality through the hitherto neglected lens of nonfood expenditure. Using household level consumption expenditure data from the quinquennial “thick” rounds of the NSS, we show that inequality within food and non-food groups has declined, even as overall expend...

This study incorporates Zakat into a simple macroeconomic model of an Islamic economy and analyzes the role of Zakat in the national income determination. The reduced form aggregate consumption function suggests that the determinants of consumption are: Zakat expenditure, taxes, income, and asset holdings of individuals. Zakat could be used as a counter-cyclical policy through the discretionary...

Data mining is an effective method of discovering useful information in a large amount of data. The capability of understanding the user’s consumption is vital for a company. Discovering the significant customers allows the company to focus on the most valuable customers. This paper uses micro-blog users’ check-in data and shop information for analysis and cluster method of data mining. We anal...