there are several conflicting evidences showing the effect of morphine on learning and memory processes. in the present study the effect of chronic morphine administration on passive avoidance, active avoidance and spatial learning and memory of morphine dependent male rats using passive avoidance shuttle box and morris water maze tasks were investigated, respectively. male rats received morphi...

abstract: introduction & objective: the hippocampal formation is a part of limbic system that plays an important role in memory and learning. the hippocampus is divided into three subfields: ca1, ca2 and ca3. in addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the astrocytes play important roles in hippocampus, probably in memory and learning. in fact, learning needs some instruments for informa...

Objective(s): Growing evidence suggests that dysfunction of the glutamatergic system and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors are involved in pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because AMPA receptors play a key role in plasticity synaptic regulation, positive modulation of these receptors may rescue the cognitive deficits in the AD. The aim of this study was ...

cognitive deficits have been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) because of hippocampal insults. oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ms. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of crocus sativus l., commonly known as saffron, on learning and memory loss and the induction of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of toxic models of ms. one week after ...

Given the vital role that vocabulary plays in learning a language along with the fact that sense-induced emotions are noteworthy due to their influence on cognition, this study examined the impact of emotioncy-based language instruction on the long-term memory (LTM) vocabulary retention of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 32 participants were selected based on their level of trait/state anxie...

the hippocampal system plays an important role in memory function. neurohormones like androgens and estrogens that syntheses in hippocampus have an important role in learning and memory. many biological effects of estrogens in the brain via estrogenic receptors (ers) are investigated. the current research has conducted to assess the effect of estrogenic receptors on spatial discrimination in ra...

objective(s) diabetes mellitus is associated with disturbances of learning and memory and cognitive functioning. aegle marmelos corr. from rutaceae family is widely used in iranian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. considering the beneficial antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of a. marmelos, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oral administration of a. mar...