although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

background: the main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and general anxiety of the prisoners of war (pow) children. the study was also designed to compare the prevalence of depression and general anxiety amongst the pow’s children and normal adults, 20 years after the iraq-iran war.method: an analytic cross-sectional study carried out in june 2009 in yazd (the centre o...

This study aims to achieve a semiotic understanding of collective memory of the Iran-Iraq war. For this purpose, samples of images in virtual social networks shared in response to the news of discovery and return of the bodies of more than 175 divers have been analyzed. Visual signs in photographs, cartoons, graphic designs, prints, paintings and posters, in methods of historical pictures and f...

Missile injuries of the kidney are rare even in wartime. Of 4500 patients admitted to the Ghaem Medical Center in the first two years of the Iran-Iraq war, only 96 had injuries of the genitourinary tract (2.1 %) and only 35 involved the kidney usually with multiple injuries to other viscera. The mortality for those with urogenital injuries was 8.3% (compared with World War I, 60% and World...

Just War Theory can be found in almost all major cultures. But since war was a business that could not be easily stopped, some aimed to constrain it. In its classic form, Just War Theory has been around for several centuries—ever since nationhood in Europe replaced provincial governments. Having made some introductory considerations, I will ask: should Just War Theory be left as it is, changed,...

Anyone who is inclined to think that the " Reading Wars " are over, or that the main warriors in these wars are only professional educators and researchers who support either whole language or phonics approaches to reading will continuously rethink their views during the reading of Reading across International Boundaries: History, Policy, and Politics. Openshaw and Soler have compiled a collect...