Environmental responsibility has become an important part of doing business. Government regulations and customers’ increased awareness of environmental issues are pushing supply chain entities to reduce the negative influence of their operations on the environment. In today’s world, companies must assume joint responsibility with their suppliers for the environmental impact of their actions. In...

inventory models play an important role in determining the optimal ordering and pricing policies. much work has been reported in literature regarding inventory models with finite or infinite replenishment. but in many practical situations the replenishment is governed by random factors like procurement, transportation, environmental condition, availability of raw material etc., hence, it is nee...

This paper develops a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) model for a two-level supply chain comprised of one vendor and several non-competing retailers in which both the raw material and the finished product have different deterioration rates. It is assumed that the market demand for the finished product is deterministic and price sensitive. The proposed inventory model optimizes the retail price, ...

Cones release glutamate-filled vesicles continuously in darkness, and changing illumination modulates this release. Because sustained release in darkness is governed by vesicle replenishment rates, we analyzed how cone membrane potential regulates replenishment. Synaptic release from cones was measured by recording postsynaptic currents in Ambystoma tigrinum horizontal or OFF bipolar cells evok...