adenosine acts as neuromodulator in the brain, which its involvement in a wide range of brain processes and diseases has been studied, such as epilepsy, sleep, anxiety, panic disorder, alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. adenosine receptors have been detected: a1r, a2ar (a2ar), a2br, and a3r. a1r and a2r inhibit camp production, while a2ar and a2br stimulate camp product...

glaucoma, a group of multifactor ocular diseases, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. primary open angle (poa) is the most common type of glaucoma, characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration. numerous genes and proteins have been revealed to be associated with poag, but the pathologic mechanisms of the disease are still poorly understood. proteomics, the collective st...

background: this research studies the effects of activation and inhibition of wnt3a signaling pathway in buffalo (bubalus bubalis) embryonic stem (es) cell-like cells. materials and methods: to carry on this experimental study, the effects of activation and inhibition of wnt3a signaling in buffalo es cell-like cells were examined using bio (0.5 mm) combined with wnt3a (200 ng/ml), as an activat...

introduction: malignant salivary gland tumors are rare entities. despite advances in surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the rate of the mortality and five-year survival has not been improved markedly over the last few decades. the activation of egfr- ras-raf signaling pathway contributes to the initiation and progression of many human cancers, promising a key pathway for therapeutic m...

signaling pathways are not isolated from their surroundings. they are also intervened by other signaling pathways known as “crosstalk mechanism”. one of the most important crosstalk mechanisms is the insulinegf network. although insulin and epidermal growth factor (egf) networks have some complexity in their isolated forms, their complexities will grow in the crosstalk network. in this study, w...

background: osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor with high mortality but effective therapy has not yet been developed. berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid component in several chinese herbs including huanglian, has been shown to induce growth inhibition and the apoptosis of certain cancer cells. the aim of this study was to determine the role of berberine on human osteosarcoma cell lines u2os and ...

objective: despite the huge efforts, chronic kidney disease (ckd) remains as an unsolved problem in medicine. many studies have shown a central role for transforming growth factor beta-1 (tgfβ-1) and its downstream signaling cascades in the pathogenesis of ckd. in this study, we have reanalyzed a microarray dataset to recognize critical signaling pathways controlled by tgfβ-1. materials and met...

knowledge about the clinical significance of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog b1 ( braf ) mutations in colorectal cancer (crc) is growing. braf encodes a protein kinase involved with intracellular signaling and cell division. the gene product is a downstream effector of kirsten ras 1( kras ) within the ras/raf/mapk cellular signaling pathway. evidence suggests that braf mutations, li...

OF THE THESIS The Role of Proneurotrophins in Apoptotic Signaling in Rat Brain Neurons