Different control strategies of bed temperature and moisture were investigated using various inlet air temperatures and air fluxes in both the ordinary packed bed bioreactor (without cooling water in the jacket) and the bioreactor with cooling water in jacket. The experiments were carried out within a 1-L solid-state packed bed bioreactor in which Aspergillus niger was cultivated on wheat bran....

The importance of developing innovative support structure for underground mines has drawn much attention with the depletion shallow resources. This paper presents a hybrid tubular standing consisting an exterior container made polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) while infill is coal rejects based backfill material. FRP jacket featured high strength-to-weight ratio attach...

Nanomechanical optical fibers with metal electrodes embedded in the jacket were fabricated by a multi-material co-draw technique. At the center of the fibers, two glass cores suspended by thin membranes and surrounded by air form a directional coupler that is highly temperature-dependent. We demonstrate optical switching between the two fiber cores by Joule heating of the electrodes with as lit...

For solving the atomic structure of organic molecules such as small proteins which are difficult to crystallize, the use of a jet of doped liquid helium droplets traversing a continuous high energy electron beam is proposed as a means of obtaining electron diffraction patterns (serial crystallography). Organic molecules (such as small proteins) within the droplet (and within a vitreous ice jack...

Basic understanding of the process of coolant heat transfer inside an engine is an indispensable prerequisite to devise an infallible cooling strategy. Coolant flow and its heat transfer affect the cooling efficiency, thermal load of heated components, and thermal efficiency of a diesel engine. An efficient approach to studying cooling system for diesel engine is a 3D computational fluid dynami...

While in the first paper of this series of two, optimal jacket fluid temperature control profiles have been derived for a family of dispersive tubular chemical reactors, the performance of these optimal profiles is further assessed in this second part. First, the performance of the optimal bang-bang control is compared with that of a more easily implementable constant jacket fluid temperature a...