Recent works on evaporation and condensation demonstrate that even these simplest irreversible processes, studied for over 100 years, are not well understood. In the case of a liquid evaporating into its vapor, the liquid temperature is constant during evaporation and the evaporation flux is governed by the heat transfer from the hotter vapor into the colder liquid. Whether liquid evaporates in...

In calorimetry and particularly in heat capacity measurements, different characteristic relaxation time constants may perturb the experiment which cannot be considered at thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, thermodynamics of irreversible processes has to be taken into account and the calorimetric measurements must be considered as dynamic. In a temperature modulated experiment, such as ac-...

The entropy budget of an atmosphere in radiative–convective equilibrium is analyzed here. The differential heating of the atmosphere, resulting from surface heat fluxes and tropospheric radiative cooling, corresponds to a net entropy sink. In statistical equilibrium, this entropy sink is balanced by the entropy production due to various irreversible processes such as frictional dissipation, dif...

When oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are exposed to excessive light and/or heat, Photosystem II is damaged and electron transport is blocked. In these events, reactive oxygen species, endogenous radicals and lipid peroxidation products generated by photochemical reaction and/or heat cause the damage. Regarding light stress, plants first dissipate excessive light energy captured by light-harve...

introduction: effective post-operative pain management is one of the problems following root canal treatment. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are the most commonly prescribed analgesics in endodontics. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of naproxen in controlling pain following root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. materials and methods: th...

Thermal denaturation of Escherichia coli maltodextrin glucosidase was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism (230 nm), and UV-absorption measurements (340 nm), which were respectively used to monitor heat absorption, conformational unfolding, and the production of solution turbidity. The denaturation was irreversible, and the thermal transition recorded at scan rates o...

introduction : achieving successful anesthesia and performing pain-free root canal treatment are important aims in dentistry. this is not always achievable and therefore, practitioners are constantly seeking newer techniques, equipments, and anesthetic solutions for this very purpose. the aim of this review is to introduce strategies to achieve profound anesthesia particularly in difficult case...

human dental pulp inflammation can progress to periapical lesion formation and conventional root canal treatment (rct) has been the traditional method for disease management. this observational study presents two cases of vital pulp therapy in mature molars diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis and associated with apical periodontitis. in these two clinical cases, the involved teeth had deep car...

i ntroduction: deep and long-lasting anesthesia is essential throughout endodontic treatment. this study was conducted to compare the effect of adding fentanyl to epinephrine-containing lidocaine on depth and duration of local anesthesia in painful maxillary molars with irreversible pulpitis (irp). methods and materials: this randomized double-blind, clinical trial with parallel design was cond...