We investigate the extent to which irreversibility of pollution shapes free-riding problems inherent in (differential) games. To this end, we use two-country differential Irreversibility is a hard type: While strictly positive and concave below certain threshold level pollution, decay drops zero above threshold. Assuming that damage function preferences are quadratic, first examine both coopera...

The clonal expansion phase of 3T3-L1 adipose conversion is a distinct mitotic period during which the initiation of differentiation occurs concomitant with a discrete set of mitotic divisions. During clonal expansion, a cocktail of adipogenic hormones, including the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, induced 3T3-L1 cells to progress from postconfluent adipoblasts to postmitotic adipocytes. It is rep...

Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) have great potential for biotechnological and medical applications. However, the biological mechanisms causing the cellular responses are still far from understood. We used the unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as experimental model to dissect the immediate consequences of electroporation from the developmental cellular responses evoked...

Based on the deep in situ mining environments with ?three high?, a triaxial compression experiment of water-saturated sandstone under conditions 150?C, 110 MPa confining stress and 105 pore water was carried out. The results show that creep deformation stage produces surge acoustic emission energy when radial changes from expansion to rapid compression, is sheared by single crack it damaged. Fr...

network expansion studies normally offer new power lines, new substations or expansion of existing substations. they are generally proposed based on technical requirements, but financial restrictions are not considered. because of financial restrictions, ranking of network expansion plans is required. in this paper an algorithm for such ranking, based on technical and financial view points and ...

The nonequilibrium work relation allows for the calculation of equilibrium free energy differences between states based on the exponential average of accumulated work from irreversible transitions. Here, we compare two distinct approaches of calculating free energy surfaces from unidirectional single-molecule pulling experiments: the stiff spring approximation and the Hummer-Szabo method. First...

The western Ordos Plateau is a key area of shrub diversity and a National Nature Reserve of endangered shrub species in north-west China. Desert expansion is becoming the most important threat to these endangered species. However, little is known about the effects of sand burial on the dynamics of the shrub community. This study aims to investigate how the shrubs as a community and as different...