People depend on human infrastructure for a range of activities in their daily lives, such as work and socializing. In this paper we consider three different intertwined types of infrastructures of a society that may be affected in crisis situations: the physical, technological, and human infrastructures. We argue that when the human infrastructure is damaged, e.g. in a natural catastrophe or w...

eight years of sacred defense of iran against saddam hussein's baath regime has been studied from different perspectives. meanwhile, western analysts also have discussed this war from their own point of view which can be important and worthy in its own turn. now that many years have passed from the termination of iraq war against iran, reviewing and analyzing this war can expose many negle...

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) may develop after a terrifying event involving physical injury or the threat of physical harm in war. eight years of war after iraq attacked iran (between 1980-1988) caused thousands of ptsd among iranian soldiers as well as civilians. many of those people are suffering several decades from this form of anxiety most now a complicated form of complex ptsd. y...

CONTEXT Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological changes following Iraq deployment. It is unknown whether these changes endure without subsequent war-zone exposure or chronic stress symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms with longer-term neuropsychological outco...

BACKGROUND In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq. The subsequent number, rates, and causes of mortality in Iraq resulting from the war remain unclear, despite intense international attention. Understanding mortality estimates from modern warfare, where the majority of casualties are civilian, is of critical importance for public health and protection afforded under international humanit...

The extent to which public health practitioners and researchers focus on health risks seems to be incongruous with the extent to which they pay attention to war and its atrocities on ordinary citizens throughout the world. Let us examine the war against Iraq waged by the United States, the United Kingdom, and their allies. What are the health consequences for the citizens of Iraq, Israel, Pales...

PURPOSE Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-Iraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-Iraq War. METHODS Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses' experiences in triage. RESULTS...

This article provides the first detailed account of recent fertility trends in Iraq, with a particular focus on the changes resulting from the 2003-2011 war and the factors underlying them. The study is based on retrospective birth history data from the 2006 and 2011 Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (I-MICS). Estimates from the two surveys indicate that total fertility remained stable fr...

Data from two parallel household surveys conducted in Iraq by UNICEF in 1999 show that under-5 mortality declined steadily from 1974 to 1990, reaching about 63 per 1,000 live births in the period 1986-90. It then rose dramatically to 118 per 1,000 in 1991, the year of the Gulf War. The number of 'excess' under-5 deaths (i.e., the number in excess of the number predicted from past trends) in Ira...

theories are conceptual frames to study social events. they are discussed in different fields in universities and have an important role in scientific investigation of different topics. various theories are set forth in international relations as an academic field that studies war. this quarterly revises iran-iraq war from these theories' point of view.