CONTEXT Previous research has demonstrated neuropsychological changes following Iraq deployment. It is unknown whether these changes endure without subsequent war-zone exposure or chronic stress symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine the associations of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms with longer-term neuropsychological outco...

OBJECTIVES We estimated war-related Iraqi mortality for the period 1980 through 1993. METHOD To test our hypothesis that deaths reported by siblings (even dating back several decades) would correspond with war events, we compared sibling mortality reports with the frequency of independent news reports about violent historic events. We used data from a survey of 4,287 adults in 2000 Iraqi hous...

BACKGROUND In March 2003, the United States invaded Iraq. The subsequent number, rates, and causes of mortality in Iraq resulting from the war remain unclear, despite intense international attention. Understanding mortality estimates from modern warfare, where the majority of casualties are civilian, is of critical importance for public health and protection afforded under international humanit...

The extent to which public health practitioners and researchers focus on health risks seems to be incongruous with the extent to which they pay attention to war and its atrocities on ordinary citizens throughout the world. Let us examine the war against Iraq waged by the United States, the United Kingdom, and their allies. What are the health consequences for the citizens of Iraq, Israel, Pales...

PURPOSE Nurses played a critical role in performing triage during the Iran-Iraq War. However, their experiences in triage have not been discussed. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the triage experiences of civilian nurses during the Iran-Iraq War. METHODS Oral history method and in-depth interviews were used to collect data to gain the nurses' experiences in triage. RESULTS...

Data from two parallel household surveys conducted in Iraq by UNICEF in 1999 show that under-5 mortality declined steadily from 1974 to 1990, reaching about 63 per 1,000 live births in the period 1986-90. It then rose dramatically to 118 per 1,000 in 1991, the year of the Gulf War. The number of 'excess' under-5 deaths (i.e., the number in excess of the number predicted from past trends) in Ira...

This paper introduces the concept of rational countefactuals which is an idea of identifying a counterfactual from the factual (whether perceived or real) that maximizes the attainment of the desired consequent. In counterfactual thinking if we have a factual statement like: ‘Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait and consequently George Bush declared war on Iraq‘ then its counterfactuals is: ‘If Saddam...

theories are conceptual frames to study social events. they are discussed in different fields in universities and have an important role in scientific investigation of different topics. various theories are set forth in international relations as an academic field that studies war. this quarterly revises iran-iraq war from these theories' point of view.

Bliese, P. D., Wright, K. M., Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Hoge, C. W. (2007). Timing of postcombat mental health assessments. Psychological Services, 4, 141-148. When soldiers return from combat and peacekeeping operations, the United States and many NATO and Partnership for Peace countries conduct some form of postdeployment mental health assessment. In this study, the authors examined the ...

When does nuclear counterproliferation succeed? When does it lead to preventive war? We argue that as the ratio between (i) the effect of nuclear acquisition on the balance of power and (ii) the costs of preventive war increases, counterproliferation becomes more successful but mistaken preventive wars also become more likely. We apply this logic to comparing the dynamics of proliferation durin...