The incidence of anal cancer is increasing. In the UK, the incidence is estimated at approximately 1.5 per 100,000. Most of this increase is attributed to certain at-risk populations. Persons who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and men who have sex with men (MSM), Organ transplant recipients, women with a history of cervical cancer, human papilloma virus (HPV), or cervical intra...

Barrett's oesophagus is premalignant. Oesophagectomy is traditionally regarded as the standard treatment option in the presence of high grade intraepithelial neoplasia or intramucosal cancer. However, oesophagectomy is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Endoscopic ablative therapies are limited by the lack of tissue for histological assessment, and the ablation may be incomp...

LS: lichen sclerosus PeIN: penile intraepithelial neoplasia L ichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic disorder with a predilection for the anogenital area. In this anatomic area, a subset of human papillomavirusenegative neoplasms arise on the background of chronic inflammation, of which LS is the most common condition. Of these neoplastic associations, squamous intraepithelial neoplasias, including ...

INTRODUCTION Cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) represent precursor lesions of cervical cancer. These neoplastic lesions are traditionally subdivided into three categories CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3, using microscopical criteria. The relation between grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and its fractal dimension was investigated to establish a basis for an objective diagnosis ...

StochaStic Modeling of tuMor ProgreSSion: gi tract cancerS aS a ParadigM Historically, the founding paradigm has been that cancers of the gastrointestinal tract are preceded by a pre-invasive stage of intraepithelial neoplasia. From the morphological standpoint the term “dysplasia” has been conventionally applied to the collection of changes in cellular morphology and tissue architecture that d...

Immunocytochemical staining for alpha-interferon was carried out on cervical biopsy specimens showing non-condylomatous koilocytic atypia (n = 12) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 18), both of which are associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Normal cervical tissue obtained from hysterectomy specimens was also assessed. Koilocytes were not immunoreactive for alpha inte...

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating disease. Although rigorous efforts identified the presence of ‘cancer stem cells (CSCs)’ in PDAC and molecular markers for them, cell dynamics vivo have not been clearly demonstrated. Here we focused on Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1), known as CSC marker PDAC. Using genetic lineage tracing with dual-recombinase system live imaging, sh...

n engl j med 361;3 nejm.org july 16, 2009 271 This Journal feature begins with a case vignette that includes a therapeutic recommendation. A discussion of the clinical problem and the mechanism of benefit of this form of therapy follows. Major clinical studies, the clinical use of this therapy, and potential adverse effects are reviewed. Relevant formal guidelines, if they exist, are presented....