The human lung is an effective route for noninvasive drug delivery because it provides a large surface area for rapid absorption, a minimal physical barrier, an absence of extreme pH and metabolism, no first-pass liver, a rich blood supply, and poor bioavailability of oral drugs. The physical and electrical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient interactively influence 5 e...

“We are without allies amongst the Iraqi populace, including those who have benefited from the ouster of Saddam. . . . Across Baghdad, Latifiyah, Mahmudiyah, Salman Pak, Baqubah, Balad, Taji, Baiji, Ramadi, and just about everywhere else you can name, the people absolutely hate us. . . . The Iraqi people have not bought into what the Americans are selling, and no amount of military activity is ...

We investigate the jamming transition in packings of emulsions and granular materials via molecular dynamics simulations. The emulsion model is composed of frictionless droplets interacting via nonlinear normal forces obtained using experimental data acquired by confocal microscopy of compressed emulsions systems. Granular materials are modeled by Hertz-Mindlin deformable spherical grains with ...

Narrow planetary rings are eccentric and inclined. Particles within a given ring must therefore share the same pericenter and node. We solve for the threedimensional geometries and mass distributions that enable the Uranian α and β rings, and the Saturnian Maxwell and Colombo (Titan) rings, to maintain simultaneous apsidal and nodal lock. Ring self-gravity, interparticle collisions, and the qua...

The London dispersion forces, along with the Debye and Keesom forces, constitute the long-range van der Waals forces. London’s and Hamaker’s work on the point-to-point dispersion interaction and Lifshitz’s development of the continuum theory of dispersion are the foundations of our understanding of dispersion forces. Dispersion forces are present for all materials and are intrinsically related ...

Ultrasound has become an important synthetic tool in liquid-solid chemical reactions, but the origins of the observed enhancements remained unknown. The effects of high-intensity ultrasound on solid-liquid slurries were examined. Turbulent flow and shock waves produced by acoustic cavitation were found to drive metal particles together at sufficiently high velocities to induce melting upon coll...

Modelling clay behaviour is a challenging task because many of the microscopic features are still unknown including interparticle forces and particle association, which may explain different behaviours when subjected to hydro-mechanical loading. This paper presents an experimental study investigate micromechanical interactions particles. Kaolinite samples were compacted high vertical stresses g...

An approach based on spheropolygons (i.e., the Minkowski sum of a polygon with N vertices and a disk with spheroradius r) is presented to describe the shape of kaolinite aggregates in water and to investigate interparticle collision dynamics. Spheropolygons generated against images of kaolinite aggregates achieved an error between 0.5% and 20% as compared to at least 32% of equivalent spheres. ...

An analytical approach is developed in the present paper to investigate the interaction between two non-magnetic particles migrating in a conductive fluid due to an imposed strong magnetic field (e.g., 10 Tesla). The interaction between the conductive fluid and a single particle migrating along the magnetic lines is influenced by the magnetic field and can be represented by an additional fluid ...