Xu et al. (1) make a most useful contribution to the debate on protected areas (PAs) in China and make a welcome focus on ecosystem services rather than threatened species. Nonetheless, their continued focus is on the establishment of PAs, rather than wider landscape-scale approaches, which are more suitable to the Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals. In particular, they say, “First, ...

Recent studies have evaluated the climate change implications of burning all of the world’s proven reserves of carbon. To stay below the ambitious target of two degrees Celsius of warming above average pre-industrial temperatures, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that we would need to emit no more than 884 GtCO2 globally between 2012 and 2050, equivalent to burning approximately ...

seed reserves are controlled by genetic and environmental condition such as nutrition, temperature, drought stress and light intensity. strong seedling will produce from seeds with high reserves. therefore, in this work that conducted in pot, field(in tabriz university) and lab(in shahrood university of technology) experiments, effect of pre-anthesis nitrogen application and a drought stress du...

This study aims to review Indonesia's macroeconomic indicators before and during the covid-19 pandemic. Using time-series data sourced from ceicdata, this uses non-parametric statistical methods of different tests (sign tests). The results showed that there is a significant difference between pandemic on international rupiah exchange rate against USD, external debt, reserves, Indonesian CPI. Re...

In this paper, we consider the case for an intraday market for reserves. We discuss the separate roles of intraday and overnight reserves and argue that an intraday market could be organized in the same way as the overnight market. We present arguments for and against a market for intraday reserves when the marginal cost of overnight reserves is positive. We also consider how reserves should be...

The planned expansion of the human presence on our moon demands that we reconsider relationships with planet’s partner. Threats to such as those engendered by mining encourage preservation various precious areas moon’s surface through emplacement international multiuse land reserves. These reserves, arising from tested environmental science strategies well values drawn ethnographic field, allow...

In a managed floating exchange rate regime, one of the most important issues is the degree to which the monetary authorities intervene in the foreign exchange market.  The appropriate level of intervention in the foreign exchange market can be discussed in a framework which emphasizes the trade-off between changes in the country’s level of international reserves and minimizes the country’s real...

This paper estimates a SVAR to assess Mexican monetary policy responses and effects. To build it Gali & Monacelli (2005) New Keynesian Open Economy Model represents the main tool, but investment international reserves are artificially added because of its empirical relevance explain economy. Using monthly data from January 2002 September 2018, evince that government intervenes markets using...

Indonesia as one of the emerging market countries’ utilization external resources foreign debt to a boost in increasing economic growth addition international trade that supports accelerated Economy. Using time-series data period 1988-2017 and using simultaneous approach Two-Stage Least Square (TSLS), research results find out showed reserves have two-way relationship. The study findings macroe...

The paper is devoted to optimization of reserves and reliability level. The four approaches presented will need deeper scientific research. 1. The sum of reserves’ costs and losses of consumers is minimized to the determination of optimal reserves. 2. Two-stage approach: 2.1. The sum of reserves’ costs and consumers’ losses is minimized to the determination of optimal requirements for reliabili...