Spatial play is of vital importance to various disciplines concerned with developing spatial intelligence, and awareness of the formal languages used to address space. While spatial language ability is a critical aspect of spatial intelligence and play, little research attention has been paid towards its L1 or L2 acquisition in such contexts. I first review relevant papers, then identify a sign...

Second or foreign language (L2) learners’ development of interlanguage pragmatic (ILP) competence to understand and properly interpret utterances under certain social and cultural circumstances plays a pivotal role in the achievement of communicative competence. The current study was designed to explore the effects of synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) and asynchronous com...

English is widely used as a Second Language. Papua New Guinea (PNG) in the 1990s (during my residence) had population of approximately 4 million people who slightly more than 800 languages. Many PNG people, through exogamy, have both mother and father language; they use Tok Pisin (a major dialect Neo-Melanesian Creole English) for everyday communication outside their neighbourhood group; offici...

iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks go to Jacy, my inspiration, partner, and guide for the duration of this work; to my parents, for simply assuming that I could (and would) do anything I wanted to; to Kathy, for steering me through this process and my college career; and to Lisa, for providing consistent and persistent collaboration. ABSTRACT Deaf students learning English face a unique and daunting ar...

Nowadays the design of complex systems requires the cooperation of several teams belonging to different cultures and using different languages. It is necessary to dispose of new design and verification methods to handle multilanguage approaches. This paper presents an approach for the interlanguage communication synthesis of heterogeneous specifications. The system is represented by a set of in...