In this section we will give an (extremely) brief Introduction to the concept of interior point methods • Logarithmic Barrier Method • Method of Centers We have previously seen methods that follow a path On the boundary of the feasible region (Simplex). As the name suggest, interior point methods instead Follow a path through the interior of the feasible region.

Glassy liquid crystalline systems are expected to show significant history-dependent effects. Two model glassy systems are the RAN and SSS (sprinkled silica spin) lattice models. The RAN model is a Lebwohl-Lasher lattice model with locally coupled nematic spins, together with uncorrelated random anisotropy fields at each site, while the SSS model has a finite concentration of impurity spins fro...

Pit-building antlions and wormlions are 2 distantly-related insect species, whose larvae construct pits in loose soil to trap small arthropod prey. This convergent evolution of natural histories has led to additional similarities in their natural history and ecology, and thus, these 2 species encounter similar abiotic stress (such as periodic starvation) in their natural habitat. Here, we measu...

Among ectothermic tetrapods, amphibians are by far the most diverse group at high elevations in the tropical Andes. This article asks whether this pattern reflects intrinsic aspects of amphibian natural history. An interdisciplinary analysis suggests that amphibians have a long evolutionary history at moderate Andean elevations and that adaptation for activity at low temperature occurred freque...

theory of evolution. The exhibition, three years in planning, appears at a time when evolutionary theory is again the subject of debate. While the exhibition has received strong backing from scientists and many of New York’s influential intellectual elite, organisers have had to battle with a broader conservatism. Last month in Kansas, the state board of education voted to adopt standards for s...

For more than six decades, physiological ecologists have intensively studied diverse aspects of lizard thermal biology. Nevertheless, a recent review notes that prior studies have generally ignored gender differences in body temperatures, thermal sensitivity, or other aspects of thermal biology. We concur that gender differences have been ignored and should be examined: if gender differences pr...

We present an investigation of the spectral and spatial structure of the X-ray emission from 3C 58 based on a 350 ks observation with the Chandra X-ray Observatory. This deep image, obtained as part of the Chandra Large Project program, reveals new information on nearly all spatial scales in the pulsar wind nebula (PWN). On the smallest scales we derive an improved limit of T < 9.8× 105 K for t...

Fluvial features present around impact craters on Mars can offer insight into the ancient martian climate and its relationship to the impact cratering process. The widespread spatial and temporal distribution of surface ice on Mars suggests that the interaction between impact cratering and surface ice could have been a relatively frequent occurrence. We explore the thermal and melting effects o...

In nanotechnology, small-volume metals with large surface area are used as electrodes, catalysts, interconnects and antennae. Their shape stability at room temperature has, however, been questioned. Using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we find that Ag nanoparticles can be deformed like a liquid droplet but remain highly crystalline in the interior, with no sign of dis...

In this line of research, Caram de Assis (2002) traces a study on the values of transmission for diverse glass types. The glasses that presented the biggest superficial temperatures, as the term-absorbents, act as “radiators”, decreasing the air temperature in the interior of the prototypes. However, the colorless glass showed that temperature increases less with the sun incidence but the insid...