In this paper, we first formalize the problem to be solved, i.e., the Scatter Problem (SP). We then show that SP cannot be deterministically solved. Next, we propose a randomized algorithm for this problem. The proposed solution is trivially self-stabilizing. We then show how to design a self-stabilizing version of any deterministic solution for the Pattern Formation and the Gathering problems....

Fully three-dimensional (3D) positron emission tomography (PET) can achieve high sensitivity of coincidence events, but the absence of inter-slice septa inevitably leads to increased scattered events. The scattered events can represent as much as 50% of the total detected events. In this research, we proposed a scatter correction method for 3D PET based on beam stoppers and dual-energy window a...

PURPOSE This study evaluated the summed measures of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) spatial distribution and their effects on intraocular scatter using a commercially available device (C-Quant, Oculus, USA). METHODS A customized heterochromatic flicker photometer (cHFP) device was used to measure MPOD spatial distribution across the central 16° using a 1° stimulus. MPOD was calculated ...

Chloroplasts regulate their growth to optimize photosynthesis. Quantitative data show that the ratio of total chloroplast area to mesophyll cell area is constant across different cells within a single species and also across species. Wild-type chloroplasts exhibit little scatter around this trend; highly irregularly shaped mutant chloroplasts exhibit more scatter. Here we propose a model motiva...

Scatter plots are mostly used for correlation analysis, but are also a useful tool for understanding the distribution of high-dimensional point cloud data. An important characteristic of such distributions are clusters, and scatter plots have been used successfully to identify clusters in data. Another characteristic of point cloud data that has received less attention so far are regions that c...

In this review, I will present an overview of the development of the field of scatter hoarding studies. Scatter hoarding is a conspicuous behaviour and it has been observed by humans for a long time. Apart from an exceptional experimental study already published in 1720, it started with observational field studies of scatter hoarding birds in the 1940s. Driven by a general interest in birds, se...

Scatter factor, a stimulant of epithelial cell motility, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) were compared by cross-biological studies using naturally occurring and recombinant proteins in four bioassays. Both scatter factor and HGF produced similar effects in cell motility and DNA synthesis assays. Antibodies to scatter factor or HGF neutralized the biological activities of each cytokine, and i...

Traditionally, most MDCT systems employ a post collimation anti-scatter grid (ASG) in the angular (X) direction to compensate for the scatter radiation. However, with increasing Z-axis coverage offered by advanced state-of-the-art multi-slice CT (MSCT) scanners, the scatter level increases significantly and there is an opportunity to use software algorithms to further decrease the impact of sca...

This paper proposes a new method of face image feature extraction, namely, the fuzzy 2DFLD (F2DFLD) based on the 2D fisher discriminant criterion and fuzzy set theory. In the proposed method, we calculate membership degree matrix by FKNN, then we incorporate the membership degree into the definition of the between-class scatter matrix and within-class scatter matrix and get the fuzzy between-cl...

In this paper, we present a recognition method for a 3D object in scattering media by using the axially distributed sensing (ADS) method and nonlinear correlation operation. Since the scatter noise for a 3D object is recorded into the elemental images by ADS method, we apply a statistical image-processing algorithm to convert the scattering elemental images into the scatter-reduced ones. After ...