We have devised a simple numerical technique to treat rugged data points that arise due to the “insufficient gain setting error” (or quantization error) of a digital instrument. This is a very wide spread problem that all experimentalists encounter some time or the other and they are forced to deal with it by suitable adjustments of instrument gains and other relevant parameters. But mostly thi...

A corn density calibration was developed for a near-infrared transmittance instrument (Infratec 1225). The calibration sample set included 96 corn samples grown in various locations of the United States. Samples were selected by principal component analysis (PCA) from a larger set of 410 samples, representing the 1986 through 1992 crop years. Samples for instrument and temperature stabilization...

This work describes the NASA Atmospheric CO2 Observations from Space (ACOS) XCO2 retrieval algorithm, and its performance on highly realistic, simulated observations. These tests, restricted to observations over land, are used to evaluate retrieval errors in the face of realistic clouds and aerosols, polarized non-Lambertian surfaces, imperfect meteorology, and uncorrelated instrument noise. We...

A monochannel plasma emission spectrometer was converted to a multichannel instrument by the introduction of a detection system based on an array of 1024 photodiodes and a low-resolution dispersion device. The new, relatively inexpensive equipment, features both the high speed typical of simultaneous instruments and the versatility of scanning systems. This paper reports on an evaluation of the...

The rapid motion of the heart presents a significant challenge to the surgeon during intracardiac beating heart procedures. We present a 3D ultrasound-guided motion compensation system that assists the surgeon by synchronizing instrument motion with the heart. The system utilizes the fact that certain intracardiac structures, like the mitral valve annulus, have trajectories that are largely con...

In this paper, we introduce a method which uses a note model and signal post processing for a musical instrument to make a piece of music .one of the important issues in note transcription is extraction of multiple pitches. Most of the examined methods face error in joint harmonics and frequencies. A good model for note of a specified musical instrument can help us identify a note better. The p...

Accurate measurement of the amount and timing of surface runoff at multiple scales is needed to understand fundamental hydrological processes. At the plot scale (i.e., length scales on the order of 1–10 m) current methods for direct measurement of runoff either store the water in a collection vessel, which is not conducive to long-term monitoring studies, or utilize expensive installations such...

--Timebase distortions cause nonlinear distortions of the sampled waveforms by equivalent-time sampling instruments. A new model of quantizer is proposed to be used when a large part of timebase distortions is the result of non-random quantization error that is known. A compensation method based on this model is applied to timebase quantization. The simulated results show that the proposed comp...

Background: Transtheoretical model (TTM) has been recognized as a common theoretical model in researches in terms of addictive behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian brief version of the TTM for hookah tobacco smoking cessation in a sample of Iranian rural adults who were in the preparation stage for hookah cessation.Methods: This was a valida...

While instrument myopia is known to occur when microscopes are used, little is known about the accommodation response during microscopy, or about the factors which may alter the magnitude of instrument myopia. In addition, there has been no real-time objective measurement of instrument myopia during the microscopy task. Twenty inexperienced subjects and 10 experienced microscopists (average wor...