Dunaliella salina is a unicellular green microalga that is considered as one of the best commercial sources of carotenoids. Growth and pigment production of D. salina (isolated from Sambhar Salt Lake, Rajasthan) was studied by using various inorganic media differing in chemical compositions viz. Artificial Sea Water media, De Walne’s media, Johnson’s media, AS-100 and Modified Bold’s Basal medi...

Current Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) data in the literature have relatively high errors in the measured enthalpies of protein-ligand binding reactions. There is a need for universal validation standards for titration calorimeters. Several inorganic salt co-precipitation and buffer protonation reactions have been suggested as possible enthalpy standards. The performances of several com...

Halophilic microbes living in hypersaline environments must counteract the detrimental effects of low water activity and salt interference. Some halophilic prokaryotes equilibrate their intracellular osmotic strength with the extracellular milieu by importing inorganic solutes, mainly potassium. These "salt-in" organisms characteristically have proteins that are highly enriched with acidic and ...

The reactions of a 5-chloro-2,3-diphenyltetrazolium salt with amines have been examined. In the presence of an inorganic base such as NaHCO(3), primary and secondary amines undergo a nucleophilic substitution to give the corresponding 5-aminotetrazolium salts. When triethylamine is used as a base, primary amines give 3-phenylazo-1,2,4-triazoles. A plausible dual-path mechanism is proposed for t...

The asymmetric unit of the organic-inorganic hybrid salt, 2C(9)H(14)N(+)·C(10)H(6)O(6)S(2) (2-)·2H(2)O, consists of one dimeth-yl(4-methyl-phen-yl)ammonium cation, one half of a naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate anion lying on a crystallographic centre of inversion, and one water mol-ecule. In the crystal, O-H⋯O(S) and N-H⋯OH(2) hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions forming ring motifs.

In the organic/inorganic salt hydrate, 6C7H9ClN(+)·P6O18 (6-)·2H2O, the cyclo-hexa-phosphate anion resides on an inversion centre. The asymmetric unit consists of three cations, one half-anion and a water mol-ecule. In the crystal, the water mol-ecules and the [P6O18](6-) anions are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating infinite layers parallel to the ab plane. These layers are inter-conne...

The asymmetric unit of the title organic-inorganic molecular salt, C6H18N2 (2+)·SiF6 (2-), consists of one anion and one cation together with half of each of two cations and two anions located on inversion centres. The SiF6 (2-) octa-hedral anions are arranged to form sheets parallel to (011), which are linked into a three-dimensional network by the organic cations through N-H⋯F hydrogen bonds.

In the title salt, (C12H20N2)[CuCl4], the Cu(II) atom occupies a general position in a flattened tetra-hedral environment by Cl ligands, characterized by Cl-Cu-Cl angles of 134.04 (3) and 137.18 (4)°. The six-membered piperazinediium ring adopts a chair conformation. The organic cation and inorganic anion inter-act through N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

Microanalytical techniques are used to show that organic molecules play an important role is osmoregulation. Changes in the inorganic ion composition of haemolymph from fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypt} are correlated with the changes in the concentration of organic ions. Free amino acids have a significant role in regulating haemolymph osmotic pressure with respect to the osmotic pressure ...

forward osmosis (fo) has recently drawn attention as a promising membrane based method for seawater and brackish water desalination. in this study, we focus on the use of calciun chloride (cacl2) and potassium bicarbonate (khco3) as inorganic salt draw solution candidates due to their appropriate performance in water flux and reverse salt diffusion as well as reasonable cost. the experiments we...