In the context of corporate learning digital media and digital tools have become more accepted than in the field of education systems. Particularly vocational schools are obviously under pressure to deal with changes due to digitalization in many sectors and professions. One reason why technology-based learning is still underdeveloped in schools could be the insufficient digital competences of ...

background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

This paper discusses instant messaging in the context of a tension between informal communication and the benefits of having a record of an exchange. IM exchanges are generally informal. As messaging is used more in work settings, being able to review an exchange can occasionally be helpful. However, knowing that a communication will be saved can lead to greater formality. We start with a case ...

Governance is broader notion than government. It involves governments but also civil society (citizens, civic institutions, etc). In the urban management context, governance refers to all the laws, regulations, frameworks systems and processes that shape the way in which the local government operates. These frameworks, processes and systems may be formal or informal. The formal governance struc...

Literature from the developed world suggests that poor housing conditions and housing environments contribute to poor mental health outcomes, although research results are mixed. This study investigates the relationship between housing conditions and the socio-emotional health of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in South Africa. The results of the study are mainly inconclusive, although it...

In the Pacific island region, the progress towards achieving the global Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target 7D, improving the lives of a hundred million slum dwellers, is fraught with many challenges. Out of all the MDG targets, minimal support has been provided to improving the quality of life of residents living in squatter and informal settlements in Pacific towns and cities. In this co...

The research has as the objective to study the strategies and social networks used by informal workers in misfortune situations. We interviewed sixteen workers of the buildings' construction sector of São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil). We tried to understand how they deal with working capacity reduction inside a precariousness context and how they perceive these situations. The qualitative analysi...

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study examining bachelor degree students’ experiences of learning with a new generation learning management system Edu 2.0 combined with Web 2.0 applications. The authors discuss students’ perceptions of formal and informal activities within this environment as captured through a collection of surveys, activities’ tracking, and assessment. The m...

Robert D. Reason, Associate Professor of Student Affairs and Higher Education, Iowa State University. Ezekiel W. Kimball, Director of Institutional Research, Curry College. In this article, we synthesize existing theory-to-practice approaches within the student affairs literature to arrive at a new model that incorporates formal and informal theory, institutional context, and reflective practic...