The typical sender-receiver game studied in the literature assumes that the receiver is uninformed. In reality, the receiver usually relates the sender’s message to her own information obtains a signal about their truthfulness. I analyze a sender-receiver model where both agents have private information and the sender cares to be perceived as honest. If the sender’s reputation concerns are stro...

Informal payments are a frequently overlooked source of local public finance in developing countries. We use microdata from ten countries to establish stylized facts on the magnitude, form, and distributional implications of this "informal taxation." Informal taxation is widespread, particularly in rural areas, with substantial in-kind labor payments. The wealthy pay more, but pay less in perce...

execution of every planned program in cities has different process. process involves inhabitant's preferences, capacity of area or neighborhood, scale of people participation. after these strategies plans will prepared and executors apply them. planning in city scale considering potentials of area and participation of people is very important stage to eliminate undesirable appearances of c...

INTRODUCTION In 2010, Alzheimer's Disease International presented estimates of the global cost of illness (COI) of dementia. Since then, new studies have been conducted, and the number of people with dementia has increased. Here, we present an update of the global cost estimates. METHODS This is a societal, prevalence-based global COI study. RESULTS The worldwide costs of dementia were esti...

Dementia is a costly condition and one that differs from other conditions in the significant cost burden placed on informal caregivers. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the economic and social costs of dementia in Ireland in 2010. With an estimate of 41,470 people with dementia, the total baseline annual cost was found to be over €1.69 billion, 48% of which was attributable to the oppor...

OBJECTIVES To assess differences in resource use and cost between older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over time. DESIGN Multicenter, longitudinal study. SETTING Sixty-eight Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) sites in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred fifty-nine individuals diagnosed with MCI and 107 cognitively normal elderly adults followed a...

BACKGROUND We aimed to examine and quantify the relationship between psychiatric morbidity and the provision of informal care in the community. METHODS The study involved a comparison of carers and non-carers in a mixed urban and rural community (Morecambe Bay Health Authority). Data were collected by postal survey for 4550 adults; 10.9 per cent of respondents were identified as carers. Subje...

Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and dependence amongst older people and previous research has highlighted how the well-being of people with dementia is inherently connected to the quality of their relationships with their informal carers. In turn, these carers can experience significant levels of emotional stress and physical burden from the demands of caring for a family memb...