Machine learning algorithms are playing an increasingly important role in public health measures, accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic. It is therefore vital that machine applied ways generally considered fair. However, question of how to define fairness a context still open one. In this study, we investigated people’s attitudes towards two defining contact tracing apps. first, ‘high-individual...

ÐFingerprint identification is based on two basic premises: 1) persistence: the basic characteristics of fingerprints do not change with time and 2) individuality: the fingerprint is unique to an individual. The validity of the first premise has been established by the anatomy and morphogenesis of friction ridge skin. While the second premise has been generally accepted to be true based on empi...

OBJECTIVE An intertwined relationship has been found between dissociative and psychotic symptoms, as the two symptom clusters frequently co-occur, suggesting some shared risk factors. Using a source monitoring paradigm, previous studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia made more errors in source monitoring, suggesting that a weakened sense of individuality may be associated with psyc...

Simon Saunders’ work on identity in physics has been groundbreaking. In his most recent article, he goes against his well-known view that particles are weak discernibles to argue that, in fact, they are often individuals. But this individuality emerges from the idiosyncratic structure of the physical states, and so cannot be assumed at the outset; hence the continued need for a formalism that i...

Two major clarifications have greatly abetted the understanding and fruitful expansion of the theory of natural selection in recent years: the acknowledgment that interactors, not replicators, constitute the causal unit of selection; and the recognition that interactors are Darwinian individuals, and that such individuals exist with potency at several levels of organization (genes, organisms, d...

In classiication problems such as writer, face, nger print or speaker identiication, the number of classes is very large or unspeciied. To establish the inherent distinctness of the classes, i.e., validate individuality, we transform the many class problem into a dichotomy by using a \distance" between two samples of the same class and those of two diierent classes. A measure of conndence is as...