The constructs of horizontal (H) and vertical (V) individualism (I) and collectivism (C) were theoretically defined and empirically supported. Study 1 confirmed, via factor analysis, that the 4 constructs, HI, VI, HC, and VC, which were previously found in the United States, which has an individualist culture, also were found in Korea, which has a collectivist culture. Study 2 investigated mult...

Many studies have shown that American culture has become more individualistic over time. However, it was unclear whether other cultures, especially East Asian cultures, have also shifted toward greater individualism. Therefore, this article reviewed studies investigating temporal changes in individualism in Japan and their ramifications on psychology and behavior. Japan has experienced rapid an...

Life in today's global village has two ontological and epistemological aspects. One problem of the globalized world related to these two aspects, which will be discussed in this article first is the fact that the civilization of the globalized world has, in some ways, been disconnected from its culture, since civilization moves towards collectivism whereas culture moves towards ind...

a Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, UK b Behavioural Brain Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK c Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Hungary d Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands e Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Chin...

Environmental consciousness is linked to pro-environmental consumption behavior; however, the consequences of variations in level environmental have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated differences individualism, collectivism, materialism, willingness pay (WTP) for protection, and between groups with varying levels consciousness. After evaluating factors that differentiate these...

Within the emerging field of cultural neuroscience (CN) one branch of research focuses on the neural underpinnings of "individualistic/Western" vs. "collectivistic/Eastern" self-views. These studies uncritically adopt essentialist assumptions from classic cross-cultural research, mainly following the tradition of Markus and Kitayama (1991), into the domain of functional neuroimaging. In this pe...