BACKGROUND The aim was to estimate the direct costs caused by ADEs, including costs for dispensed drugs, primary care, other outpatient care, and inpatient care, and to relate the direct costs caused by ADEs to the societal COI (direct and indirect costs), for patients with ADEs and for the entire study population. METHODS We conducted a population-based observational retrospective cohort stu...

BACKGROUND Few studies have addressed the indirect costs of chronic hepatitis B and C, and none has assessed the real costs of these conditions, including indirect costs caused by loss of work, in Turkey. AIMS This study therefore analysed the costs of treatment, follow-up, and complications of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections to the community. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional stu...

This study was conducted to estimate the indirect costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (utilities) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in the United States (US), and to determine the impact of worsening mobility on these parameters. In collaboration with the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) registry we conducted a cross-sectional study of participant...

Aim: The purpose of this study was to estimate the productivity loss and indirect costs associated with foot ulcers in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). An additional goal was to estimate the productivity loss and indirect costs in the population of informal caregivers of patients with DFS. Methods: Based on a prospective survey the effects of ulcers on patients’ professional activiti...

OBJECTIVE To review and summarize existing literature on the indirect burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the US. METHODS Medline, Scopus, and OvidSP databases were searched using defined search terms to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies were published in English between January 2000 and April 2012 and calculated the indirect burden of COPD in a US population i...

AIM Present study calculates and analyzes Cost of illness of tuberculosis in Tehran. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a descriptive analytical study conducted among 121 patients in two stages in 2011. In the first stage, questionnaires were collected by reviewing patient records and phone interviews with patients. The second stage deals with the calculation of costs. For cost calculation, ...

Estimates of direct and indirect costs of psoriasis are limited. The aim of this study was to estimate: (i) costs in patients with psoriasis compared with controls; and (ii) impact on costs from initiating biologics. The study extracted data from Swedish administrative registers and compared 31,043 patients with 111,645 sex-, age- and residency-matched referents. Mean direct and indirect costs ...

BACKGROUND The costs of medical research are a concern. Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) need to better understand variations in the costs of their activities. METHODS Representatives of ten CTUs and two grant-awarding bodies pooled their experiences in discussions over 1.5 years. Five of the CTUs provided estimates of, and written justification for, costs associated with CTU activities required ...

A~-This paper compares two implementation models for abstract data types: direct and indirect implementations. Direct implementations offer relatively cheap execution and expensive compilation costs while indirect implementations result in relatively expensive implementations and cheap compilation costs. These two models are both accommodated by Ada, and a small experiment compares their costs ...

Costs with dementia have been the focus of research around the world and indirect costs to the caregiver appear in the literature as responsible for the greatest impact. In Latin American (LA) studies, indirect costs with dementia range from 60% to 75% of family income. Objective To present preliminary results of the study "Description of the methods and cost analysis with dementia" currently...