In Ireland, timber and biomass haulage faces the challenge of transporting enough material within strict legal dimensions and gross vehicle weights restrictions for trucks and trailers. The objective of this study was to develop a method to control payload weight by knowing the moisture content of the wood. Weights, volumes, and moisture content were gathered from 100 truckloads of Sitka spruce...

As a routine wood source for a pulp mill, recent past studies have shown that intensivelymanaged, short-rotation hardwood plantations are not cost effective. The objective of this study ’ was to determine if these plantations may be cost effective as “green” inventory, replacing some portion of high cost remote woodyard inventory. Three southeastern pulp mills were used as case studies in a net...

Methylolurea and carbamide were used to impregnate eucalyptus wood to improve its physical and chemical properties. The physical properties and dimensional stability were examined. TGA was used to evaluate the thermal stability of the wood. FTIR was used to state the changes of functional groups. The changes of wood structure were observed by SEM. The results showed the bending strength and com...

The purpose of this article is to present theoretical and empirical arguments for an analytic distinction between metaphorical discourse and conventional metaphor. Traditionally, in linguistics and anthropology, the formal approach to metaphors is to decompose them into conventional units of meaning, e.g., analytic predications. However, when dealing with everyday discourse, an analyst confront...

The amount of wood ash produced in power plants is increasing with increasing use of forest biomass in energy production. Wood ash can be recycled as fertilizer especially in boreal peatland forests naturally rich in nitrogen. Improved nutrient availability and increases in soil pH can enhance microbial activities, decomposition of organic matter and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We studied t...

fracture of mixed mode i/ii in beech wood and its wood polymers has been investigated experimentally in this study. hence, two crack systems of tl and rl were selected in which the crack planes extend along the wood fibers. this investigation has demonstrated that onset of mixed mode cracking can be predicted with a very simple fracture criterion in these crack systems. results indicated that f...

The growth of forests can be described as a function of the supply of resources, the proportion of these resources captured by trees, and the efficiency with which trees use these resources to fix carbon dioxide. This function can be modified to explain wood production by subtracting the allocation of carbon (C) to respiration and other tissues. At the scale of leaves and seconds, rates of net ...