With the popularity of the Internet, more and more languages are becoming to be used for Web documents. Accordingly, Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), a method to retrieve documents written in one or more languages using a query written in another language, has been actively studied. A variety of methods, including employing corpus statistics for translation of terms and disambiguati...

Requirements engineering, the first phase of any software development project, is the Achilles’ heel of the whole development process, as requirements documents are often inconsistent and incomplete. In industrial requirements documents natural language is the main presentation means. In such documents, the system behavior is specified in the form of use cases and their scenarios, written as a ...

khoy, one of the major cities in the west azarbaijan province is known for its nature, military, border positions, proximity to the silk road, including many different cultures and overall is one of the important settlements in the area. this essay investigates khoy city’s expansion, from early islam until late qajar (fourth - fourteenth century) according to historical documents. this article ...

This paper addresses the problem of language modeling for LVCSR of Cantonese spoken in daily communication. As a spoken dialect, Cantonese is not used in written documents and published materials. Thus it is difficult to collect sufficient amount of written Cantonese text data for the training of statistical language models. We propose to solve this problem by translating standard Chinese text,...

Gregg shorthand is a form of stenography that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States and its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and th...

Gregg shorthand is a form of stenography that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States and its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and th...

Isabelle/Isar is a generic framework for human-readable formal proof documents, both like and unlike Mizar. The Isar proof language provides general principles that may be instantiated to particular object-logics and applications. The design of Isar has emerged from careful analysis of some inherent virtues of the existing logical framework of Isabelle/Pure, notably composition of higherorder n...

Although quantifiers/classifiers expressions occur frequently in everyday communications or written documents, there is no description for them in classical bilingual paper dictionaries, nor in machine-readable dictionaries. The paper describes a corpus and dictionary development for quantifiers/classifiers, and their usage in the framework of French-Japanese machine translation (MT). They ofte...

Today, handwritten script recognition is challenging part in the computer science. It is important to know a script used in writing. Script recognitions have many important applications like automatic transcription of multilingual documents, searching document image, script sorting. Proposed work emphasis on the “block level technique” where script recognition recognizes the script of the given...