The photooxidation of thebaine (3) with a sun lamp affords two main products: hydrodibenzofuran 10 (major) and benzofuran 11 (minor). The latter compound becomes predominant if a Hg lamp is used instead of a sun lamp. The formation of 10 proceeds via an endoperoxide intermediate that undergoes oxidation at the nitrogen atom. Protection of the nitrogen either by protonation or quaternization pre...

Background Measles is a contagious illness with symptoms including fever, cough and rash. Although after the start of vaccination, its mortality rate has decreased significantly, but in some countries, the disease still leads to dangerous complications. Since infectious diseases such as measles has long been of interest to practitioners, in this study the perspective of Traditional Iranian Medi...

Steam reforming of methanol can be considered as an attractive reaction aiming at hydrogen production for PEM fuel cells. Although Cu/Al-contained catalysts are considerably evaluated in this reaction, further evaluation is essential to evaluate the impact of some promoters like Pt in order to find a comprehensively optimized catalyst. Pt promoter is employed with different methods in this ...

abstract satire is one of the methods of expressing in literature that is used in two ways of direct and indirect. among these two methods, the second one is used more by the poets and writers because it helps them escaping from being face to face with the governments and their organizations. concerning the iraqi government and its cruel policies on those days, using first kind of satire was pr...

methodology of islamic principles (‘ilm al-uṣūl) is a dignified science serving to understand religious texts; on the other hand, however, this science is indebted to holy qur’ān for its credibility and authority. the qur’ānic verses play a special role in validating and authorizing this science. this role is to be viewed in terms of foundation-laying, as āyāt al-uṣūl (verses of principles) are...

one of the most important applications of carbon nanotubes (cnts) is as reinforcement of metal matrix composites, because of their excellent mechanical properties. in this study, al-tio2-multi walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) nanocomposite is fabricated using isostatic pressing followed by hot extrusion. mechanical alloying is used to mix powders of aluminium, tio2 and mwcnts. tio2 with the amo...

In recent decades, democratic countries have signed hundreds of international environmental agreements (IEAs). Most of these are weak and do not include effective enforcement. To study this puzzle, we propose a positive theory of IEAs in which the political incumbents negotiate in the shadow of reelections. We show that incumbents are prone to negotiate treaties that are simultaneously overambi...

Kai Nagel,* Dietrich E. Wolf, Peter Wagner, and Patrice Simon Los Alamos National Laboratory, TSA-DO/SA Mail Stop M997, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 Theoretische Physik, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität, 47048 Duisburg, Germany Zentrum für Paralleles Rechnen, Universität zu Köln, 50923 Köln, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Linder Höhe, 51170 Köln, Germany ~Received 18 December 1997!

Received 04 Oct., 2013 Accepted 10 Jan., 2014 (006206) 1 Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá – UEM, Maringá, PR, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, Campus Londrina, Tecnologia de Alimentos, Londrina, PR, Brazil 3 Federal University of Latin American Integration – UNILA, Foz do Iguaçú, PR, Brazil *Corresponding author Evalu...

Guilherme Bicalho Saturnino, ∗ Caio Padoan de Sá Godinho, † Denise Fagundes-Lima, ‡ Alcides Castro e Silva, § and Gerald Weber ¶ Departamento de F́ısica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil Departamento de F́ısica, Universidade Federal de de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil