This article describes a new model for urban planning in ancient and preindustrial cities that moves beyond the traditional simplistic dichotomy of planned versus organic cities. The model has two components: coordination of buildings and spaces, and standardization among cities. A variety of coordinated arrangements of buildings reflect urban planning, including simple coordination, formality ...

Virtual cities have practically been used in several scenes including 3D games, movies or digital cities on the Internet. We have been developing the system that can generate virtual cities whose cityscape is varied according to local features of land use for each time period. In this paper, we describe the method that makes the features change by using cellular automata. We demonstrate that ou...

This paper identifies a new factor, the age of the housing stock, that affects where highand low-income neighborhoods are located in U.S. cities. High-income households, driven by a high demand for housing services, will tend to locate in areas of the city where the housing stock is relatively young. Because cities develop and redevelop from the center outward over time, the location of these n...

Compact urban form is of great importance to facilitate low carbon development, while little empirical evidence was found about the impact geometric on household energy consumption with panel data; this paper uses a multi-time China land cover dataset calculate 253 prefecture-level cities for years 2000, 2010 and 2020 examines its consumption. We use ruggedness as instrumental variable form. Th...

Centrality has revealed crucial for understanding the structural properties of complex relational networks. Centrality is also relevant for various spatial factors affecting human life and behaviors in cities. Here, we present a comprehensive study of centrality distributions over geographic networks of urban streets. Five different measures of centrality, namely degree, closeness, betweenness,...

Mathematical models that describe the global spread of infectious diseases such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and tuberculosis (TB) often consider a sample of international airports as a network supporting disease spread. However, there is no consensus on how many cities should be selected or on how to select those cities. Using airport flight data that commercial airl...

Development and environmental issues of small cities in developing countries have largely been overlooked although these settlements are of global demographic importance and often face a “triple challenge”; that is, they have limited financial and human resources to address growing environmental problems that are related to both development (e.g., pollution) and under-development (e.g., inadequ...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This highlydisabling disorder is characterized by a variable clinical course. MS is a heterogeneous disease with acomplex pathology and significant social and economic impact. MS is associated with dysfunction ofparts of the nervous system which results in a range of signs and symptoms, ...