simplification universal as a universal feature of translation means translated texts tend to use simpler language than original texts in the same language and it can be critically investigated through common concepts: type/token ratio, lexical density, and mean sentence length. although steps have been taken to test this hypothesis in various text types in different linguistic communities, in ...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

terms of address as an important linguistics items provide valuable information about the interlocutors, their relationship and their circumstances. this study was done to investigate the change route of persian address terms in the two recent centuries including three historical periods of qajar, pahlavi and after the islamic revolution. data were extracted from a corpus consisting 24 novels w...

Critical geopolitics, which has entered the international relations literature since 1975 through the efforts of Frankfurt School theorists, identifies the identity, discourse approach, and importance of informal-state actors. The present article seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to use critical geopolitical theory in the analysis of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republ...

abstract the present study was conducted to examine the effect of proficiency on students interaction while carrying out the grammar-based task(s) in collaboration. in particular, the study examines whether the level of proficiency affects the learners’ focus of attention to grammatical and lexical features. the study takes a further step and examines whether there is any difference in the use...

Applying the Italian school of international relation (the theory of neo Gramscian, the current research studies the globalization and cultural function of the capital. Using the concept of hegemony and related conceptual elements such as supra national capitalist class, historical bloc, global civil society, the agents in conveyance of culture and internationalization of the government, this p...