BACKGROUND Innovation has molded the current landscape of plastic surgery. However, documentation of this process only exists scattered throughout the literature as individual articles. The few attempts made to profile innovation in plastic surgery have been narrative, and therefore qualitative and inherently biased. Through the implementation of a novel innovation metric, this work aims to ide...

Through the history and since 1933, the Iranian rial has declined from 11.2 rials per dollar to almost 8600 rials per dollar today in the parallel or black market. At the same time the official rate has been kept at artificial level most of the time, not consistent with other macro conditions of the country. Historically, however, the Central bank has adjusted the official rate and brought it i...

the history of mycology in iran is presented in five periods. in the first period (until 1860) there is no sign of iranian fungi in scientific literature. in the second period (1860–1941) the study of iranian fungi was started by foreign mycologists who did not visit iran but worked on plant material collected by botanists. in the third period (1941–1963) the study of iranian fungi was started ...

according to bourdieu’s cultural theory, the author’s trajectory reflects the dialectical relationship between his or her habitus and conditions of the literary field in a given historical situation. habitus is dialectically tied to the field and constructed with different capitals. in an author’s habitus, cultural capital plays the main role as the most significant capital. the field of litera...

the aim of this paper is two folds: 1- to compare the level of technological advances in iran's automotive industry with that of its competitors globally. 2- to compare the relative technological advances of iran’s auto industry with other sectors of the iranian economy. to measure the level of technological advances, we have used the atlas model of technology. the results indicate that th...

this paper tries to estimate employees population in time series in irans economic sectors within 1955-2006. natural spline and monotone cubic spline interpolation methods were used in order to estimate the time series statistics of the employees population between two censuses or two consecutive samplings. an explanatory variable was chosen according to labor demand and labor market structure....

The intervention of urban design in Irans architectural structures has been for many years a challenging issue for architects and urban designers over their professional realm. The preservation of architectural structures in Iran has always resorted to extremes. This control and direction has sometimes resulted in exclusion of architecture position and has sometimes, once faced with lack of pro...

OBJECTIVES To explore the attitudes of women with screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) towards information provision for mammographic screening. SETTING Respondents recruited throughout the UK during 2003-2004. METHODS Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. PARTICIPANTS Ten women diagnosed with DCIS as a result of mammographic screening. RESULTS None of the women...

the fact that the stress response affects testicular function in several animal species, has been established for several decades. the aim of the present review was to describe how the mechanisms involved in the acute stress response affect directly or indirectly the testicular function at different levels. Both neuroendocrine axes linked to the stress response, i.e., the sympathetic-adrenomedu...

É sobejamente conhecido que as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) constituem a principal causa de mortalidade e morbilidade nos países desenvolvidos e em vias de desenvolvimento, com consideráveis custos sociais e económicos associados, sendo por isso consideradas um importante problema de saúde pública a que urge dar resposta1--3. De acordo com um recente relatório da Organização Mundial de Saúde ...