in this article, aimed at promoting iranian statutes and increasing their applicatory aspects and for providing more and more financial security of society, the legal rule of i‘rāḍ (avoidance, abandonment) is deliberated on, which is a rule that is not clearly and extensively discussed but is the basis of some rules in iranian civil law. this has caused some obscurities, and sometimes, hasty de...

protect the rights of creditor financial and deny the debt and concern the law of debtor, is important to the tradition and the attention of lawgiver and this issue well used from the quran and habit and scholars fatwas. in the trades in which for escape from the debtor's debt, specially concerning to change of alter the 218 clause of the civil codes, expressing the opinion and a few of people ...

the security of contractual relation is the important aims of contract law to the extent that is discussed as one of the fundamental principles in european law. the guarantee to protect is one of the affecting rules to establishing the security of contractual relation that in the iranian civil code under the incomplete influence of islamic and french law, is based on the protection of ownership...

documentary credit or letter of credit (lc) is one of the methods of payment in international commerce. the documentary credit is a binding commitment from the issuing bank to pay a sum of money to the beneficiary on certain conditions. the applicant needs to contract with an issuing bank to open a lc. the legal nature of such contract is a controversy issue and thus different opinions are brou...

the expertise order is of interlocutory orders that an arbitrator would make during the arbitral proceeding, when the subject is being technical. the legislator has dealt with this subject only in article 476 of the civil procedure law. this article only provides the possibility of appointing an expert by the arbitral tribunal. it does not provide further details such as the possibility of appo...

trade secrets has an important role in economic growth and development of economic competition. however ,one of the challenges in this sphere is the emergence of economice spionag. increasing growth of economic espionage causes to emerge a new phenomenon which is called information terrorism. so the mechanism of protection of the trade secretsincivil and criminal law is necessary for economic g...

civil liability in electronic communications is one the most important issues of information and communications technology (ict) law. civil liability may be arisen from different causes such as copyright and trade mark infringement invasion of privacy and defamation. when discussing civil liability, two different civil liability systems may be considered: direct and indirect civil liability. in...