Cardiovascular disease is one of the most important causes of death in the world. There are variety of plans and strategies to treatment and prevention of CVD. Medicines have significant role to reach the goals. Ensuring Affordability of medicines is very crucial to success in these programs. The impoverishment method which focuses on the impoverishing effect of the purchasing of medicines is o...

Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses for hospitalized patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) poses an economic challenge on affected household in the form of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), distress financing and impoverishment. OOP Expenses data CLD from Bangladesh is scarce. This study aimed to estimate resulting CHE, impoverishment among CLD. cross-sectional was conducted conveniently sele...

In tropical Africa, forests and savannas are the two most widespread biomes potentially represent alternative stable states with a divergent species composition. A classic, but untested, hypothesis posited by White (1983) suggests that transition zones between contain floristically impoverished assemblage, few representatives from each biome. Further, evolutionary dimension of diversity has rec...

BACKGROUND There is a global concern regarding how households could be protected from relatively large healthcare payments which are a major limitation to accessing healthcare. Such payments also endanger the welfare of households with the potential of moving households into extreme impoverishment. This paper examines the impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare payments in Ghana...