in this paper, an adaptive meshless method of line is applied to distribute the nodes in the spatial domain. in many cases in meshless methods, it is also necessary for the chosen nodes to have certain smoothness properties. the set of nodes is also required to satisfy certain constraints. in this paper, one of these constraints is investigated. the aim of this manuscript is the implementation ...

cost-effectiveness data is useful for use in priority setting decisions in order to improve the efficiency of resources used. this paper thereby responds to eckard et al. which addressed the use of cost-effectiveness data in the actual prioritization decisions in the swedish national clinical guidelines for heart diseases. based on a set of experiences on the use of economic evaluation in prior...

Reports of how different countries are responding to the need to develop more integrated health and social care services for older adults can provide useful lessons for other health systems. However an understanding of how the wider structural, political, economic and cultural context affects implementation of these models of care is essential when considering the potential for models to be sca...

Considering the high costs of the implementation and maintenance of gas distribution networks in urban areas, optimal design of such networks is vital. Today, urban gas networks are implemented within a tree structure. These networks receive gas from City Gate Stations (CGS) and deliver it to the consumers. This study presents a comprehensive model based on Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (...

There are great expectations regarding the potential contribution of integrated care interventions to improved outcomes, but so far the evidence is mixed. In this dissertation, we focussed on why, when and how some integrated care interventions contribute to improved outcomes, while others do not. To this purpose, we developed the COMIC Model for studying the Context, Outcomes and Mechanisms of...

background & aim: energy is one of important debates in agriculture ecology and for this reason; the ratio of output and input energy in different agriculture ecosystems has been calculated. if one can reduce, input energy level into farms through the indices like poisons, fertilization, tractor energy and lab our force. in addition to the net income of the farmers, this issue would play a ...