Lung transplantation can be a life-saving procedure for those with end-stage lung diseases. Unfortunately, long term graft and patient survival are limited by both acute and chronic allograft rejection, with a median survival of just over 6 years. Immunosuppressive regimens are employed to reduce the rate of rejection, and while protocols vary from center to center, conventional maintenance the...

The skin is the largest organ at the interface between the environment and the host with the function of mounting effective host defense. Microbiota and the host immune system are in permanent contact and communication via the skin. The complex relationship between the skin microbiome and cutaneous immunity is poorly understood, however recent evidence supports the idea that skin microbiota has...

Long-term allograft survival requires lifelong immunosuppression, which comes with serious side effects. Inducing immune tolerance to the transplant would enable immunosuppression withdrawal and revolutionize the quality of life of transplant recipients. In this issue of the JCI, Martínez-Llordella et al. identify a profile of biomarkers that predict tolerance in liver transplant recipients (se...

the subject of transplant immunosuppression has generated significant interest in recent years. excellent immunosuppression, advances in surgical technique, post-transplantation care, and infection control have resulted in excellent outcomes. there is widespread support for the notion that the fundamental objective in transplant immunology should be the achievement of specific graft tolerance. ...

Purpose of Review—The aim of this review is to review available data regarding the risks and benefits of indefinite immunosuppression versus attempted immunosuppression withdrawal for children who have undergone liver transplantation. Recent Findings—Emerging data suggest that conventional immunosuppression practices may well be responsible for a substantial proportion of the long-term mortalit...

Tacrolimus is a main drug for induction and maintenance immunosuppression for patients with kidney transplants in many centers. One of important side effect of drug is post-transplant diabetes mellitus. Of course, diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is rare. In this report, a 12-year-old girl with DKA was presented after 45 days of kidney transplantation. 

The author participated very early in the use of immunosuppressors in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. He reviews evidence which support their use. IV Methylprednisolone, azathioprine and mitoxantrone are supported in their use by evidence of a level appropriate to the date of their generation while Cyclosporine A and Cyclophosphamide are not. The author also reviews the benefits and side e...

After major trauma, the human immune system initiates a series of inflammatory events at the injury site that is later followed by suppression of local inflammation favoring the repair and remodeling of the damaged tissues. This local immune response involves complex interactions between resident cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, soluble mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, ...

An illness-induced taste aversion was conditioned in rats by pairing saccharin with cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive agent. Three days after conditioning, all animals were injected with sheep erythrocytes. Hemagglutinating antibody titers measured 6 days after antigen administration were high in placebo-treated rats. High titers were also observed in nonconditioned animals and in condi...