Stimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines are widely abused due to their rewarding effects. Much of what we know about drug abuse and drug reward comes from research involving stimulants, and much of this research involves using drug self-administration as an animal model of drug abuse. In this chapter, the example of stimulant self-administration is used to illustrate: (1) the basic meth...

Bovine adrenal medullary cells, cultured on quartz plates, were superfused with buffer to which pulses of stimulant were added. Cytosolic Ca2+ was measured by the fura-2 fluorescence method and the simultaneously released catecholamine was measured electrochemically. When stimulant concentrations were adjusted to given equivalent elevations of cytosolic Ca2+, secretion depended entirely on whet...

The Effect of using Organic Acid, Prebiotics and Probiotics as a Supplement in Stimulant Syrup on the Performance Iranian Bee Colonies

Activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst by the supernatant fraction from an alkali-treated collagen preparations (SAC) was enhanced by longer durations of exposure to alkali (1 N NaOH for 0.5-24 hr). The concentrate obtained from ultrafiltration (greater than 30,000 molecular weight) of SAC (1 N NaOH for 24 hr) retained the stimulatory factor. Fractionation of this ultraconcentrate by hi...

Since the first study in stimulant-dependent individuals using structural MRI was published fifteen years ago, much evidence has accumulated on brain abnormalities associated with stimulant drug dependence. Here we conducted a voxel-based morphometry meta-analysis of published MRI data in stimulant-dependent individuals to clarify the most robust abnormalities underlying the disorder. We found ...

The abuse of stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine is a huge problem in many parts of the world. Abuse of these drugs does not ruin just the user's life, but also adversely affects those around them. Despite many years of research, there are no approved medications for stimulant dependence, and treatment is focused on psychotherapy and abstinence. Over the last 10 to 20 y...

<abstract><p>This study addresses a cancer eradication model involving effector cells in the presence of gene therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. The main objective this is to understand optimal effect immuno-chemotherpay therapy. boundedness positiveness solutions respective feasible domains proposed are verified. Conditions for which equilibrium points system exist stable ha...

In Indonesia, the chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is popular. Unfortunately, its current productivity lower than potential yield. The low due to cultivation methods or varieties used in field. Seaweed a known bio-stimulant and combining it with microbial consortium could be an effective way boost crop productivity. goal of this study was examine how combination bio stimulants enriched can affect two...

OBJECTIVES Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided high intensity focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is a newly emerging non-invasive technique for the treatment of uterine fibroids. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical impact of MRgFUS. METHODS This study examined 157 patients. The high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) utilized in this study was Philips Achieva 1.5 Tesla M...